Decentralized Power Production in Rural Communities

1
Decentralized Power Production in Rural
Communities

• Andrea French
• Nicole Munguia
• November 21, 2006

2
Methods for Biogas Production

• Anaerobic Digestion

Biomass Gasification
Fuel Sources Decomposition Process Processing
Method
Producer Gas
Various Applications Mechanical, Thermal and
Chemical Production
3
Anaerobic Digesters to Produce Biogas in Rural
India

• Feed Material
• Digestion Process
• Plant Design
• Applications
• Potential

http//breathappeal.com/causes.htm
http//www.biotank.co.uk/images/Feat11_picII-1.jpg
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Feed Material
Type of Feedstock Biogas per kg Feedstock (m3)
Cows or Buffalo Dung 0.023-0.040
Pig Dung 0.040-0.059
Poultry Dung 0.065-0.116
Human Dung 0.020-0.028
Pre-treated Crop residue and Water Hyacinth 0.037-0.045
http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4205506.stm
http//www.worldofstock.com/closeups/TAN1242.php
http//www.visakhaspca.org/programs/cowsanctuary.a
sp
http//www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/gas
ification/
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Digestion Process

• Steps 3 4 Chemical Equation
• CO2 4H2 ? CH4 2H2O
• Steps 3 4 Chemical Equations
• CO2 4H2 CH3COOH 2H2O CH3COOH ? CH4 CO2

Average Composition of Biogas
Matter
Methane, CH4 55-75
Carbon Dioxide, CO2 25-45
Carbon Monoxide, CO 0-0.3
Nitrogen, N2 1-5
Hydrogen, H2 0-3
Hydrogen Sulfide, H2S 0.1-0.5
Oxygen, O2 Traces
http//www.biotank.co.uk/images/Feat11_picII-1.jpg
6
Fixed Dome Designs
http//www.grameen-info.org/grameen/gshakti/progra
ms.html
http//web1.msue.msu.edu/intext/blue20bags.jpg
http//web1.msue.msu.edu/intext/biogas10.jpg
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Fixed Dome Diagram
http//www.fao.org/docrep/T0541E/T0541E0E.GIF
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Design Parameters
Design of Biogas Plant Design of Biogas Plant
Number of Cows 4
Assuming 1 Cow Produces 10 kg of dung/day
Amount of Dung Produced by 4 Cows 40 kg
Amount of Gas Produced by 1 kg of Dung 0.05 m3
Amount of Gas Produced by 40 kg of Dung 2 m3
Daily Requirement of Gas for Cooking/Lighting for 1 Person 0.5-0.6 m3
2 m3 of Gas per Day Will Provide Cooking and Lighting for 2/0.6 to 2/0.5 3 or 4 persons
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Anaerobic Decomposition BioGas Applications

• Effluent Use
• Fertilizer
• Soil conditioner
• (Destroys Pathogens)
• Lighting
• Cooking

http//www.oredaorissa.com/Photo.html
http//www.repp.org/discussiongroups/resources/gas
ification/

• 2 m3 biogas plant in a month could replace
• 26 kg if LPG,
• 37 liters of kerosene,
• 88 kg of charcoal,
• 210 kg of fuel wood,
• or 740 kg of animal dung.

http//www.ashdenawards.org/winners/prakratik
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Potential for India

• 260 million cows
• 10 kg dung per day
• 75 collection rate
• 2 million tons of dung daily
• 40 kg dung produces 2 m3 biogas
• 40 million 2 m3 plants

http//www.nrcs.usda.gov/news/images/gotwattbig.jp
g
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Biomass Gasification

• Characteristics of Fuel Sources
• Types of Gasifiers
• Cooling and Filtering Producer Gas
• Applications

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Characteristics of Fuel Sources

• High Energy Content/Bulk Density
• Low Moisture Content

• Low Tar Production
• Low Ash Production

Excellent Fuels Bulk Density (kg/m3) M.C. () Ash () Tar (g/m3)
Coconut Shells crushed 435 11.8 0.8 3
Peach Pits 474 10.9 0.9 1.1
Corn Cobs 304 11 1.5 7.24
Prune Pits 514 8.2 0.5 0
Walnut Shells cracked 337 8 1.1 6.24
Wood Blocks 5cm cubes 256 5.4 0.2 3.24
Rajvanshi, A.K., (1986)
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Gasifier Design

• Updraft, Downdraft and Crossdraft
• Tailored to the Fuel Source
• Produce Minimal Dust and Tar

Updraft Downdraft
Crossdraft
Downdraft Reactor
(Rajvanshi, 1986).
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Cooling Filtering Producer Gas

• Filter out impurities
• Cool producer gas to ambient temperature

Schematic Producer Gas Plant (Rajvanshi, 1986)
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Applications

• Power Applications
• Generators for Electricity
• IC engines for Agricultural Equipment
• Pump for Irrigation Purposes
• Thermal Application
• Boil Water
• Cooking Grain Drying
• Steam generation Cogeneration or Residential
  Space Heating
• Chemical Production
• Methanol Oxidize Methane
• Hydrogen Gas Water-Gas Shift Reaction/Steam
  Reforming

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QUESTIONS????

• References
• http//www.fao.org/sd/EGdirect/EGre0022.htm
• http//www.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/80362e/80362
  E0j.htm
• http//web.archive.org/web/20041124201613/www.eere
  .energy.gov/con sumerinfo/factsheets/ab5.html?prin
  t
• Biogas The Indian NGO Experience by AFPRO-CHF
  Network
• Energy, The Biomass Solution by Henry Bugay
• Rajvanshi, A.K., (1986). Biomass Gasification
  Electronic version. Alternative Energy in
  Agriculture, Vol.II, Ed.D, Chapter (No.4), 83-102.