Title: CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS: ANALYSIS AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE REVISED MARPOL ANNEX VI
1CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM SHIPS ANALYSIS AND
ENFORCEMENT OF THE REVISED MARPOL ANNEX VI
- Presented by capt. Evaldas Zacharevicius,
director of Lithuanian Maritime Safety
Administration
Quality Shipping XXI Century Standard. Safety
and Pollution Prevention Prospects We Face.
Saint-Petersburg 21 and 22 October 2009.
2THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM
- The shipping industry burns 300 million tons of
bunker fuel per year. - Ships generate 30 percent of the worlds
smog-forming emissions. - Bunker fuel burned by ships is 1,000 times
dirtier than highway diesel used by trucks and
buses. - Ship engines are far dirtier than on-road engines
due to lack of strong regulation.
3HUMAN HEALTH
- Ship exhaust gases contains harmful air toxics,
that cause cancer, respiratory illness and
premature death. - Ship air pollution often harms people who live
near ports. - More than one in 10 children has asthma in the
worlds biggest port cities. - Near the big ports cancer risk due to breathing
air toxics is five times higher than normal.
4CLIMATE CHANGE
- Ships burn tons of fuel per hour, generating
large volumes of global warming gases that
contribute to climate change. - Researches suspect, that the black soot from ship
smokestacks settle on polar ice sheets and help
cause melting. - The worlds shipping fleet generates about four
percent of the worlds carbon dioxide emissions.
5- INTERNATIONAL ACTION
- In 1973, an International conference of the IMO
adopted the International Convention for the
Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL). - In 1997, the IMO agreed to MARPOL Annex VI, a
global treaty to reduce air emissions from ships.
- Annex VI entered into effect on May 19, 2005
(Internationally).
6IMPLEMENTATION OF REQUIREMENTS OF FIRST EDITION
?ARPOL 73/78 ANNEX VI IN LITHUANIA
- 13 December 2005 Entry into force date of ANNEX
VI for Lithuania - Limits for sulphur content were set to
- 1,5 for SECA areas
- 4,5 for other areas
- HFO sulphur content in the area of the Baltic sea
amounted from 1,9 to 2,2 on average. - Average sulphur content of fuel used by
Lithuanian ferries amounted from 2,2 to 2,7. - Therefore, limitations of fuels sulphur content
in SECA areas, after the entry into force of
Annex VI, were applied only for vessels, which
used HFO.
7IMPLEMENTATION OF REQUIREMENTS OF FIRST EDITION
OF ?ARPOL 73/78 ANNEX VI IN LITHUANIA
- Use of low-sulphur content fuel (LSFO) instead
of high-sulphur content fuel (HSFO) for engines
of vessels, originated some related problems,
which were successfully solved by Lithuanian
shipowners - Increasing of fuels prices
- Investments in applicability of fuel system to
work in accordance with requirements of 14th
regulation - Efforts to safeguard the resources of engines
- Limitations related with bunkering of vessels.
8ADOPTION OF THE REVISED ANNEX VI OF MARPOL 73/78
- Following the entry into force of MARPOL Annex VI
on 19 May 2005, MEPC 53 (July 2005) agreed to the
revision of MARPOL Annex VI and the NOx Technical
Code with the aim of significantly strengthening
the emission limits in light of technological
improvements and implementation experience. - IMO Sub-Committee on Bulk Liquids and Gases, as
instructed by MEPC,prepared the draft amendments
to MARPOL Annex VI. - As a result, MEPC 58 (October 2008) considered
and adopted the revised MARPOL Annex VI and the
NOx Technical Code.
9REVISED ?ARPOL 73/78 ANNEX VI
1st July 2010 entry into force of revised ANNEX
VI Sulphur limit for SECA 1
19 May 2005 ANNEX VI enters into force
internationally Global sulphur limit 4.5
1 January 2015 Sulphur limit for SECA 0,1
2005 2006 2010 2012 2015 2020
13 December 2005 MARPOL ANNEX VI enters into
force for Lithuania
19 May 2006 Sulphur limit for SECA 1.5
1 January 2012 Global sulphur limit 3.5
1 January 2020 Global sulphur limit 0.5
10REVISED ?ARPOL 73/78 ANNEX VI LITHUANIAN CASE
- Most topical problems which shipowners will face
with regard of future changes, are increasing
financial expenses due to the fulfillment of new
sulphur requirements. - Solutions for reduction of such costs which were
applied by Lithuanian shipowners - plugging of vessel to the ashore electricity
- using of silicone paint for covering the hull of
vessel.
11COST REDUCTION BY PLUGGING OF VESSEL TO THE
ASHORE ELECTRICITY
- Attempts of Lithuanian shipowners to plug the
vessel to ashore electricity in Klaipeda port - No detailed calculations were carried on,
however experience shows, that this method is
financialy justifiable, in particular after entry
into force of revised Marpol Annex VI. - The existing capacity of electricity supply in
Klaipeda port is sufficient only for few ships,
therefore for the wide-scale use of such method
additional transformer station is necessary.
12USE OF SILICONE PAINT FOR COVERING THE HULL OF
VESSEL (1)
- The hull of vessel is covered by special
silicone tissue along which water slides during
the voyage of vessel. - Advantages of use of silicon paint
- The silicone paint helps to save a big quantity
of fuel for vessel. -
- Drawbacks
- The method is quite expensive to cover the hull
of one vessel (for example, vessel Lisco Optima
gross tonnage 25206 tones) by silicone paint
costs about 0,3 million Euro. - The vessel has always to be kept in working
condition. Otherwise slimes or wracks will grow
on the bottom of vessel very quickly.
13USE OF SILICONE PAINT FOR COVERING THE HULL OF
VESSEL (2)
- When the vessel is on dock, the hull has to be
affected by sun as less as possible, because
sunbeams stimulates growing of slimes or wracks
on hull as well. - In the case of the need to cover the hull of
vessel by new silicone tissue, it is necessary to
remove away the old paint tissue, because
otherwise this new tissue will not be held on the
hull of vessel. Old paint tissue can be removed
very hardly and this process takes a lot of time.
- Calculations revealed, that notwithstanding to
all aforementioned drawbacks, this method
entirely justifies all expenditures related to
the application of the silicon paint on the hull
of vessel and on the end of the day allows to
save money.
14CONCLUSIONS
- Although concerns about the cost implications of
the switch to low sulphur fuels are raised,
experience shows, that in light of technological
improvements, cost effective solutions with
regard to use of low sulphur fuels are available
for the industry. - Efforts made by IMO with regard to reduction of
air pollution are based on scientific
information, therefore revised Annex I of Marpol
73/78 undoubtedly will have positive influence on
atmosphere environment and health of people,
especially these people who live on coasts of
port towns and in coastal areas.