Cultural Geography

1
Cultural Geography

• Fundamentals of the Human Mosaic
• Terry Jordan,
• Chapter 1
• (Move to next slide before class)

2
Textbook

• The bookstore has the text.
• It should be on the shelves soon.
• Roberts had books on the shelves last week.

3
Homework 1 Prompt

• Paper 1 Prompt, Indigenous Culture
• Select your native indigenous culture from a
  list. (If you wish to use one not on the list,
  please see me first.)
• 1) Identify and use web sites developed by this
  culture, not made by another entity.
• 2) How does your indigenous group describe their
  religious or philosophical relationship with the
  land?
• 3) How did they use the environment to thrive in
  the past?
• 4) What do they say about their homeland and
  territorial claims? 5) What are their views on
  biodiversity conservation, resource extraction,
  and/or bio-prospecting?
• 6) Compare their answers to the last 4 questions
  with your previous beliefs and assumptions about
  indigenous groups.
• 7) What roles do maps play on the web sites?
• 8) What other indigenous or popular cultures have
  competing land claims?
• 9) What major issues does the site highlight, and
  how do these issues relate to globalization?
• (10) You must have a good introduction, a good
  conclusion, and good grammar.

4
Amerindian Tribes

• If you do not have a favorite tribe, see
  http//www.greatdreams.com/native.htm for a list
  of American First Nations

5
List part 1
6
List part 2
Arikara Esselen Mattaponi Patuxet
Aroostook Assateague Flathead Maya Patwin
Assiniboine Fond du lac Meherrin Pawnee
Athabaskan Gabrielino Menominee Pee Dee
Atsina Goshute Metoac Pembina Band
Aztecs Gros Ventre Miami Pennicook
Bella Coola Gwichin Miami Chippewa Penobscot
Beothuk Haida Miccosoukee Peoria
Blackfeet Haliwa-Siponi MicMac Pequot
Blackfoot Havasupai Middle Woodland Pima-Maricopa
Bodega Miwok Hawaii Mingo Iroquois Piman
Source



7
List part 3
Brothertown Hidatsa Minnesota Pitt River Tongva
Caddo Ho-Chunk Mississippi Bands Plateau Tuchone
Cahuilla Hohokam Missouri Tribes Pocomoke Tulalip
California Hopi Miwok Pomo Tumucuan
Calusa Hodenosaunee Modoc Ponca Tunica-Biloxi
Carrier Sekani Houma Mohawk Portage Band Umatilla
Catawba Hualapai Mohegan Potawatomi Unami
Cayuga Hupa Mohican Powhatan Ute
Cayuse Huron Mojave Pueblo Vanyume
Chehalis Illinois Monacan Puyallup Yakwal
Cherokee Incas Mono Quapaw Yana
Source



8
List part 4
Keetoowah Navajo Saponi Washoe
Ciboney Kickapoo Nez Perce Saskatchewan Wea
Clatsop Kiowa Nipissing Sauk/Fox Wichita
Cocopah Kiowah Nipmuc Secwepemc Willams
Coeur d'Lane Keres Nisga'a Seminole Winnebago
Coharie Klallam Nisqually Seneca Wiinnemucca
Source



9
SJSU Support Centers

• Disabled Student Program and Services (DSP)
• Educational Opportunity Program and Services
  (EOPS)
• Learning and Resource Center (LARC)
• Peer Mentor Center (Clark Hall)
• Writing Center (Clark Hall)
• Computer Help Desk (Clark Hall)
• Computer access Library, Clark Hall Student
  Union, MLK Library etc.
• Library
• Science lab (Clark Hall)
• Health Services
• Counselling Services
• Transfer Center
• Assessment
• Athletic Counselling
• Housing
• International Students
• Security / Parking
• Bookstore
• Cashiers / Admissions / Enrolment

10
Geography Growth and Development

• Hippocrates philosopher, father of Geography
• Explorers What is where?
• Scientists How does it work?
• Conquerors What can I get by taking it?
• Emperors How can I get more out of it?
• Planners How can we make it work for society?
• Environmentalists How can we preserve it, and
  keep ourselves from destroying it?
• Generally How can I improve the quality of my
  life?
• At different times and in different places,
  Geography and its applications developed
  differently over time, focusing on different
  problems using different paradigms striving to
  attain different purposes.

11
Cultural Geography

• Fundamentals of the Human Mosaic
• Terry Jordan,
• Chapter 1
• (Move to next slide before class)

12
Geography

• Description of the Earth
• (Inquiry who, what, where, when, why, and how)
• Discovery Who and what is where?
• Understanding Why are the patterns there?
• Consequence What do these patterns affect?
• Interdependence How is this all related?
• Relevance When, where, why does it matter?
• Diagnostic Why did these things happen there?
• Prognostic How can we do a better job?

13
Historical description of the Earth

• Geographers study the earth, and attempt to
  describe and explain its patterns of physical
  and human activity.
• http//www.thesavvytraveller.com/agraphics/tools/f
  ibrelok/old_world_map.jpg

14
Cultural Geography

• The study of spatial variations among cultural
  groups and the spatial functioning of society.
• Geographers study cultures and how they work from
  a spatial perspective.
• So what is culture?

15
Culture (chapter heading)

• Learned Collective Human Behavior
• What we have commonly learn and do
• Behavior is based on beliefs of how things work.
• Behavior produces material goods and byproducts.
• This is weighted towards actions, without
  recognizing underlying beliefs, of products or
  byproducts.
• Anthropologists and sociologists study
  activities.
• Archaeologists look at the artifacts that remain.
• Psychologists study how and what we think and
  learn.
• Geographers study the variation and pattern of
  beliefs, activities, artifacts, and byproducts to
  develop a wide variety of spatial understanding,
  including knowledge of space and place, of site
  and situation.

16
Culture book definitions

• Learned Collective Human Behavior (partial)
• A total way of live held in common by a group of
  people, including such learned features as
  speech, ideology, behavior, livelihood,
  technology, and government (list, incomplete set)
• The local customary way of doing things a way
  of life (illuminates one part)
• An ever-changing process in which a group is
  effectively engaged (focus on change, needs more)
• A dynamic mix of symbols, beliefs, speech, and
  practices (individual or group? What about
  things?)
• (If you use all five definitions, you fully
  define culture.)

17
Culture Anthropology? clarify

• An Anthropological Definition
• sociofacts, mentifacts and artifacts
  representative of a cadre.
• Simplified
• Culture Actions, beliefs, and things
  representative of a group
• This includes material and non-material culture,
  thought and action, and is complete but simple.
• Definition reflects teaching goals
• My goal Be brief. Be clear. Be complete.
• There are many ways to say the same thing.
• (Just be complete and clear.)
• (The simpler definition is expanded upon by the
  more expansive book definitions. All have
  utility.)

18
Spatial Variation and Pattern

• Variation causes
• Every place is related to every other place.
  Closer places are more related Toblers Law
• Pattern
• If you can find a pattern, the structure is often
  more learnable.
• If you understand the causes of the pattern, it
  often becomes more predictable.
• Discover, locate, map, understand, correlate,
  causation(s), use(s), consequence(s), response(s)

19
Physical Environment

• Culture is built upon physical foundations
• (We cannot yet build castles in the sky)
• (Even if we could, weather would still matter.)
• Landforms land use transportation, modification
• Ex San Francisco
• Geologic Strata extract
• Anthropocene era?
• Soils degrade, use, overuse, change
• Midwest, Central Valley CA
• Climate and Weather adapt to it, change it?
• (How?!!)
• Organisms transport, support, modify, or destroy
• Humans as agents of change

20
Physical Environment Interaction

• example
• Landforms modify air masses ? precipitation
• Precipitation weathers and transports soils.
• Soils affect and are affected by plant growth.
• This affects animal species, including humans.
• We are dependent upon our environment for our
  air, water, food, living space, in essence our
  very existence.

21
Landforms
http//virtualastronaut.jsc.nasa.gov/textonly/act1
0/images/topomap.jpg

• Access
• Barrier
• Utility

http//www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/topo/img/ca.jpg
22
Climate Zones

• Where and when do you want to live, work, and
  play?
• What other activities are controlled or modified
  by climate?

http//www.learn.londonmet.ac.uk/packages/clear/th
ermal/climate/diversity/images/koppen_map.jpg
23
World Vegetation

• Resources, perspectives, activities, constraints,
  plants, animals

http//www.maps.com/ref_map.aspx?pid12881
24
World Soils

• Crucial to our food supply

25
Cultural Variation

• Cultures use the environment differently based on
  their local values and preferences.
• Book Wheat cultivation
• California cattle, grape cultivation, and cities
• Where?
• Why?
• Local land use changes
• Cattle to grapes
• Cattle to agriculture
• Agriculture to housing

26
CA Vineyardgrowth(Focus on the pattern only.)

• http//www.bentleycartographic.com/files/gimgs/9_w
  ine.jpg

27
CA Urban growth

• Review map interpretation and query What does it
  mean? How accurate?
• Image http//www.spur.org/documents/article110107
  _images/map003.gif

28
Cultural Themes (in all chapters)

• Cultural Region
• Cultural Diffusion
• Cultural Ecology
• Cultural Interaction
• Cultural Landscape
• All 5 themes are used in every chapter.
• Each theme is used to provide cultural insight.
• In reality, these themes are highly interrelated.

29
Example One Cultural Theme Relationship

• Cultural Regions change as attributes spread.
• Cultural Diffusion then changes environmental
  impacts.
• Cultural Ecology feedbacks then modify the
  implementations of this diffusion.
• Cultural Interaction occurs as changes in each
  part of the culture affect other parts, often
  producing visible change.
• Cultural Landscapes then change as old and new
  cultural attributes are re-distributed, gained,
  or lost in the local environment. This change of
  cultural distributions affects how we perceive
  them.
• (repeat)

30
Cultural Region(The first of 5 themes)

• Definition A geographical unit based on
  characteristics and functions of a culture
• Types
• Formal
• Functional
• Vernacular

31
Formal Cultural Region

• Definition
• Areas that fit within a definition are a formal
  region.
• Book relatively homogeneous with respect to one
  trait
• (Me) Change homogeneous ? predominant
• Border zones
• Transition between two or more formal regions
• (Depending on the definition, formal zones may
  overlap.)
• Border zones are often fluid, changing over time.
• Core-periphery
• At the core of a region, the characteristic
  dominates.
• At the periphery, the characteristic influence
  weakens.

32
Formal Region Example World Languages

• http//www.theodora.com/maps/world/world_language_
  map_transparent.gif

33
Functional Cultural Region

• Definition Organized to function politically,
  socially, or economically as one unit.
• Usually have a node and a service area.
• Within a functional region, a relationship works.
• There is also a core-periphery relationship in
  many functional regions.
• In the core, the function is more strongly or
  frequently used
• In the periphery, use is reduced.
• Particularly in social and economic functional
  regions
• One cause distance decay effect

34
Functional Regions

• Outside the region, the function is not as good
• e.g. It doesnt work
• or isnt used as much.

http//www.fcc.gov/ftp/Bureaus/MB/Databases/fm_tv_
service_areas/maps/FM73207.gif
35
Functional Region San Jose

• http//www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/zonemap/images/f
  rontpage.gif

36
Functional Cultural Region (sub-types)

• Within a functional region, a relationship works.
• Economic
• Service area of a business, airport
• Social
• Service area of a church, recreation center,
  school
• Political
• Nation, city, voting district, school district,
• Service
• water power grids, phone networks, police,
  firemen
• Test prep You should be able to define terms,
  recognize them when presented, AND provide
  examples of them.

37
Vernacular Cultural Region

• Definition perceived to exist by its inhabitants

38
Vernacular Regions One Study

• http//www.csiss.org/learning_resources/content/g5
  /materials/G5_Image_Library/de_Blij_figures/IMAGE_
  06.JPG

39
Cultural Diffusion (The second of 5 themes)

• Definition The spread of elements of culture
  from the point of origin over an area.
• Cultures change over time.
• Innovations and discoveries are made.
• Cultural attributes then spread over time.
• If you can tell how they spread, you can
  anticipate future diffusion more accurately.
• Spread of what we commonly do / believe / have
• (spread cultural aspects)

40
Cultural Diffusion Initial Change

• (Before diffusion, something must change.)
• Independent Invention
• Different people independently came up with the
  same overall concept, activity, idea, or thing.
• Examples
• Calculus
• Blowguns
• Propagation using plant parts
• Seed propagation

41
Cultural Diffusion Delays

• Time Distance Decay
• As distance increases and time passes, the amount
  of cultural interaction reduces.
• Absorbing and Permeable Barriers
• Barriers either slow down or stop diffusion.
• Absorbing barriers stop a specific change
• Impermeable barriers strong cultural or
  religious taboos
• Permeable barriers slow change down.
• Permeable barriers mountains, swamps, jungles

42
Distance Decay How far do/would you go to buy

• A coke or coffee?
• Your groceries?
• A computer?
• Your car?
• A life-saving drug that you Really Need?
• (This relates to the costs and benefits of
  traveling.)
• Time
• Resources
• Perceived importance
• Combining destinations.

43
Distance Decay

• Interaction falls off (decays) as distance
  increases.
• This varies based on the activity.

• http//people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch7en/meth7
  en/img/retaildistancedecay.gif

44
Time Distance Decay

• Definition the decrease in acceptance of a
  cultural innovation with increasing time and
  distance from its origin.
• Two contributions Distance and Time
• Distance decay The decrease in cultural
  interaction with distance
• Example you go to closer places more often.
• Time decay After initial growth, there is a
  decay in time of the attribute as competing
  cultural attributes compete.
• Example fads come and go.
• Combined Some fads never reach the periphery,
  and others have little effect. (Some consider
  this a good thing.)

45
Cultural Diffusion Types

• Relocation diffusion
• Expansion diffusion
• Hierarchical
• Contagious
• Stimulus
• Query student examples.

46
Relocation Diffusion

• Definition Spread of any innovation or cultural
  attribute through migration
• Migration permanent move from one location to
  another.
• You take much of your culture with you.

Right side image loading a car with (too much?)
stuff, http//www.treehugger.com/moving-Left
car.jpg Center moving household and house
http//blog.gibbs-smith.com/wp-content/uploads/201
0/06/tiny-house_wide.jpg Left side Image
Overloaded car with happy commuter,
http//www.mediabistro.com/fishbowlDC/original/mov
ing.jpg
47
Expansion Diffusion

• Definition Spread of any innovation or cultural
  attribute in which more people in more areas
  adopt the attribute
• Three sub-types
• Hierarchical Diffusion
• Contagious Diffusion
• Stimulus Diffusion

48
Hierarchical Diffusion

• Definition a type of expansion diffusion in
  which innovations spread from one important
  person to another or from one urban center to
  another, temporarily bypassing other persons or
  rural areas.
• The spread is a network of transmission.
• Preference goes to those first served by the
  network.
• Examples phone tree, e-mail, fashion designs,
  distribution networks,

49
Hierarchical diffusion

• http//www.lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki/article
  _image.php?id93

50
Contagious Diffusion

• Definition A type of expansion diffusion in
  which cultural innovation spreads by
  person-to-person contact, moving wavelike through
  an area and population without regard to social
  status
• Examples
• Contagious diseases,
• news and TV shows
• (in countries where everyone has access)

51
Contagious Diffusion Bubonic Plague

• http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30
  /Bubonic_plague_map_2.png

52
Stimulus Diffusion

• Definition A type of expansion diffusion in
  which a specific trait fails to spread, but the
  underlying idea or concept is accepted
• Great idea, but the form must change.
• Examples
• Plaid Great idea, but not wearing kilts.
• Herding reindeer great idea, but cows would die.

53
Stimulus Diffusion Plaid

• Tartan Great Kilt http//images-mediawiki-sites.t
  hefullwiki.org/01/4/1/9/37617651957186956.jpg
• Plaid_Fashionhttp//3.bp.blogspot.com/_BpsBGr1Dt_
  8/SRxPrCWUXVI/AAAAAAAAA18/FXaZ1PF42xQ/s400/plaid-f
  ashion-trends.jpg

54
Cultural Diffusion Globalization

• Globalization the binding together of all the
  lands and peoples of the world into an integrated
  system driven by capitalistic free markets, in
  which cultural diffusion is rapid, independent
  states are weakened, and cultural homogenization
  is encouraged.
• (This definition is limited by its political
  origins.)
• Any cultural attribute can become global
  (globalize) through the network of trade and
  communications.
• Some of these cultural attributes can globalize
  and increase state stability, therefore
  sovereignty. (vaccines)
• However, homogenization remains an issue.
  Valuable cultural attributes and variety can be
  lost. (ex seeds)

55
Historic Globalization

• Silk Road http//4.bp.blogspot.com/_Y9-xi5n9m3E/T
  SCiNGItEjI/AAAAAAAAHs0/2lHulQljzyg/s1600/Silk_rout
  e.jpg

56
Discovery

• http//jspivey.wikispaces.com/file/view/1492.disco
  very-CWA156.jpg/71867295/1492.discovery-CWA156.jpg

57
Historic Globalization British India

• British India http//studymore.org.uk/india.jpg

58
Global Air Routes

• http//upgrd.com/images/upload/image/UA20route20
  map.jpg

59
Cultural Diffusion Uneven Development

• The economic pattern of globalization contributes
  to uneven development, in which the core benefits
  by exploiting peripheral resources.
• Globalization favors the core, which benefits
  more.
• Thus, development is uneven.
• Many factors contribute to uneven development.
• Exchange rates raw materials, goods, services,
• Cultural change,
• Central place effects
• Diffusion
• Distance decay

60
Cultural Ecology (The third of 5 themes)

• Ecology the study of biological systems
• The whole system, not one component
• The interaction of its components
• Cultural ecology studies the interaction of
  cultures and the ecosystems they exist within.

61
Ecosystem

• Life support system

http//ecosystems.noaa.gov/images/what_eco_map_lg.
gif
62
Cultural Ecology

• Cultural Adaptation
• Cultures often adapt differently to similar
  environments, based on cultural norms.

http//3.bp.blogspot.com/_t5N15gGxjZM/TMl_F45KH5I/
AAAAAAAAAFI/4emso71mUnA/s1600/IMG_6090.jpg http//
25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lft1tv6teK1qcerqgo1_500
.jpg
63
Cultural Ecology

• Environmental Determinism
• Belief that environment determines cultural
  attributes.
• Environmental constraints determine how certain
  aspects of culture must develop.
• Example Cant grow crops in the desert using
  rainfall.

http//images.yourdictionary.com/images/main/A4zon
e.jpg
64
Cultural Ecology Possibilism

• Definition belief that culture can adapt in
  multiple ways to the same or similar environments
• Difficult (desert crops)
• No high yields
• Amerindian success
• Different methods
• Dry land (various)
• Irrigation (various)
• Combined

http//www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/Y0501E/y0501e21.jpg
65
Cultural Ecology

• Environmental Perception
• Different responses are often a result of
  different environmental perceptions and knowledge
  bases.
• Different skills, viewpoints, observations
• Natural Hazards
• Risk evaluation and response to natural hazards
  vary considerably.
• Wasnt so bad last time
• Hurricanes are dangerous, but you can leave
  return.
• (What about earthquakes? Are you worried?)

66
Cultural Ecology

• Humans as modifiers of the Earth
• Land
• Mines, farms, factories, cities, transportation
• Water
• Poisons, sedimentation, redistribution
• Air
• Pollution, global climate change, aerosols,
  particulates

67
Cultural Interaction (The fourth of 5 themes)

• The relationships between various elements within
  a culture
• Each part does not act independently.
• Within cultures, the parts interact.
• Between cultures, the parts interact.
• Religion, economic systems, ethnicity, food
  production, acquisition, consumption, work, play,
  attire, sleep, housing, business, manufacturing,
  every aspect and every culture

68
Cultural Interaction

• Social Science perspectives
• Space, models of space
• Space strong quantitative connotation.
• There is an objective right answer.

69
Cultural Interaction

• Humanist perspectives
• Place
• Topophilia (love of place)
• Subjectivity
• society is viewed from different perspectives.
• Relevance
• People base their actions on their sense of place
  and on spatial preference. This affects
  migration, and expenditure of money, time and
  resources for the benefit of a place.
• (This is a set of positive and/or negative
  feedback loops.)
• Beautiful places vs. the Rust Belt and slums
• Individual or Corporate destination
• San Jose vs. Research Triangle vs Hyderabad vs.
• Migration, vacation travel, land use change,
  economics, etc.

70
Cultural Landscape (The fifth of 5 themes)

• Landscapes that express the values, beliefs, and
  meanings of a particular culture.

71
Cultural Landscape Symbolic Landscapes

• Major structures and sites
• Structures extant or not

http//www.phoenixmasonry.org/masonicmuseum/images
/statue_of_liberty_3.jpg http//1000mileproject.or
g/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/the-world-trade-cente
r.jpg
72
Cultural Landscape Patterns

• Three Major Aspects of Cultural Landscape
• Settlement Forms
• Land Division Patterns
• Architectural Styles

73
Cultural Landscape Settlement Forms

• Nucleation
• Defense
• More interdependent, trade
• Dispersed
• Economics
• More independent farmsteads

http//gis.worcestershire.gov.uk/website/lca/HTML
files/LDU/LT20Drawings/Principal20Village20Farm
lands20final.jpg
74
Cultural LandscapeLand Division

• Land Division Patterns
• Township Range grid
• Imperial Valley
• Long Lot pattern
• near Espanola, NM
• www.earth.google.com
• Query Other types?

75
Cultural Landscape

• Architectural Styles
• form
• function

Form and Function
http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e
/San_Jose_Basilica.jpg http//www.sjbetsuin.com/pm
wiki/uploads/WhoWeAre/temple1.jpg
76
These Processes Interact.

• Cultural attributes change over time.
• They diffuse over time.
• They interact, changing each other.
• This diffusion is modified by and modifies
  ecosystems
• Attribute change, diffusion and ecosystem
  relationships changes local conditions and
  patterns.
• This leaves a cultural mark on the landscape,
  upon which we may then invest meaning and value.

http//mcmanuslab.ucsf.edu/sites/default/files/ima
gepicker/m/mmcmanus/san-francisco.jpg http//www.s
tudentsoftheworld.info/sites/country/img/5676_Terr
aceRiceFields10_f.jpg http//dahlonegavineyards.co
m/threesisters/images/threesisters_3586.jpg
77
Which perspective should I use?

• It depends.
• What do you like? (This is often not the best
  choice.)
• What do you have the tools to accomplish?
  (better)
• What do you need to know, and how can you achieve
  this? (best)

Look at the big picture. Be multi-disciplinary.
(Geography is.) (The text encourages this.)
78
Recap SJSU Support Centers

• Disabled Student Program and Services (DSP)
• Educational Opportunity Program and Services
  (EOPS)
• Learning and Resource Center (LARC)
• Peer Mentor Center (Clark Hall)
• Writing Center (Clark Hall)
• Computer Help Desk (Clark Hall)
• Computer access Library, Clark Hall Student
  Union, MLK Library etc.
• Library
• Science lab (Clark Hall)
• Health Services
• Counselling Services
• Transfer Center
• Assessment
• Athletic Counselling
• Housing
• International Students
• Security / Parking
• Bookstore
• Cashiers / Admissions / Enrolment

79
Wrap-Up

• Questions?
• Google Earth