Unit 10 Personality

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Unit 10 Personality
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Introduction

• Personality

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Two Main Theories

• Psychodynamic Theory Freuds theory that calls
  attention to motivation, especially unconscious
  motives, and the influence of our past
  experiences on the formation of personality.
• Humanistic Theory focused on our inner
  capacities for growth and self-fulfillment
  
• Man is Good philosophy

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Psychodynamic Theory

• First theory on personality (early 1900s)
• We are driven by unconscious forces (sexual and
  aggressive forces).
• Psychoanalysis
• Hypnosis
• Dreams latent and manifest
• Free association

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What is the iceberg analogy of consciousness?
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Levels of Consciousness Iceberg theory

• 1. Conscious mind like the top of the iceberg,
  only a small portion of our mind is accessible to
  us.
• 2. Preconscious mind outside awareness but
  easily accessible. Forgotten memories, but
  easily recalled
• 3. Unconscious mind is completely outside of
  our awareness (could produce anxiety if made
  conscious).
• a reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, wishes,
  feelings emotions, and memories

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Parts of Personality

• 1. Id pleasure principle unconscious impulses
  that want to be gratified, without regard to
  potential punishment.
• 2. Ego reality principle moderates between
  the id and superego.
• 3. Superego the moral principle of our
  personality which tells us right from wrong our
  conscience

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What TV characters, especially Simpsons
characters, are driven by the ID?
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ID
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ID leads us to eating and drinking
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How about Superego?
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Superego
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How about ego, our voice of reason?
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Ego
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Id controlling Marge.
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Exploring the UnconsciousPersonality Development

• Psychosexual stages
• Oral
• Anal
• Phallic
• Latency
• Genital

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Oral Stage
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Oral Stage

• The pleasure center is the mouth.
• If not gratified at this stage become fixated
• do things with mouth for pleasure
• Ex. Smoking, eating, gum chewing, nail biting
• exhibit passive dependence
• Ex. lack of self-confidence, indecisiveness, and
  a tendency to cling to and seek support from
  others.
• exaggerated dependence
• Ex. Acting tough, sarcastic

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Anal Stage
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Anal stage

• Fixation occurs if potty training occurs too
  early or if potty training not encouraged
• Too early - Anal retentive are overly-neat and
  organized (Type A personality)
• Haphazardly - Anal expulsive are overly messy and
  irresponsible.

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Phallic stage

• Genitals are the pleasure zone.
• Oedipal complex boys have erotically tinged
  preference for their mother compete with their
  father for mothers attention
• Gender identity occurs during this stage

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Phallic stage cont. . .

• Must cope with incestuous sexual feelings
• Not resolving the Oedipal conflict may result in
  boy not identifying with father, sexual
  deviance/disfunction
• Electra complex (girls equivalent to Oedipus)
• Girls have penis envy and blame and resent their
  mothers for their anatomical deficiency.

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Latency Period

• Latency cooties stage - sexuality is hidden
  (latency hidden)
• Children in same sex groups.
• Boys hang with father. Girls with mother.
• Begins around age 6

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Genital stage (puberty )

• Libidinal energy is not focused on your own
  genitals (like in the phallic stage) but on other
  peoples genitals.
• Fixation in earlier stages will hinder this
  stage.
• If all stages successfully completed person
  should be sexually matured and mentally healthy

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Exploring the UnconsciousPsychosexual Stages
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What are ego Defense Mechanisms?

• How our personality (ego) deals with unpleasant
  emotions and thoughts.
• 8 Defense Mechanisms tactics that reduce
  anxiety by distorting reality
• Repression
• Rationalization
• Reaction formation
• Projection
• Regression
• Displacement
• Sublimation
• Denial

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8 Defense mechanisms

• 1. Repression motivated forgetting the
  suppression of unpleasant thoughts. We push
  unpleasant thoughts into unconscious so that we
  cant access them.
• E.g., a child who is molested, may suppress the
  traumatic event so that he/she has no memory for
  the event.

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2. Rationalization we justify something bad
weve done

• You run over a person and tell yourself Im sure
  he would have died soon anyway.
• You steal and say, Well, I spend a lot of money
  at this store!

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Everybody else is doing it!
New Orleans looting after Katrina
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3.Regression

• Dealing with problems by regressing or going
  backward in terms of maturity.
• Ex Soldiers crying for mommy
• Ex Fighting couples acting immature.

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4. Displacement- you take out your anger
frustration on a person or object not the actual
target of your anger in a negative way

• E.g., After being grilled by your boss, you go
  home yell at your partner or the dog/cat.
• Peeing on the teachers car.

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5. Projection You attribute your negative
characteristics to another person.

• When people project their own faults onto others,
  they generally do not deny that they themselves
  possess those faults.
• E.g., Your partner tells you how selfish you are,
  when they are in fact selfish.
• If you have a strong dislike for someone, you
  might instead believe that he or she does not
  like you

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6. Reaction Formation acting the opposite of
how you feel.

• You do the opposite of how you feel to defend
  your own doubts.
• E.g., A person who doubts his faith may act like
  a religious zealot to defend his religion.
• E.g., A person who is angry with a colleague
  actually ends up being particularly courteous and
  friendly towards them.

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7. Denial- refusing to believe something
unpleasant has occurred.

• We refuse to accept horrible news, even with
  evidence to the contrary.
• E.g., you hear a friend has died wont believe
  its true.

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I dont have drinking problem
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8. Sublimation Making something bad about
yourself into something positive.

• Dont mix up with displacement (kicking dog)
• E.g., Aggressive impulses are transformed into
  the urge to engage in competitive sports.
• A person who has an obsessive need for control
  and order becomes a successful business
  entrepreneur
• Most desirable way of dealing with unacceptable
  id impulses.

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Neo-Freudian Theorists

• Accept Freuds basic ideas
• Id, ego, superego
• Importance of unconscious
• Personality develops in childhood
• Different
• More emphasis on conscious mind
• Disagreed with the importance of childhood sexual
  instincts

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The Neo-Freudian Theorists

• Neo-Freudians
• Adler - inferiority complex
• Horney - sense of helplessness
• Jungs - collective unconscious
• Ex. Different cultures share same
• legends
• Psychodynamic theory

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Assessing Unconscious Processes

• Projective Test
• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
• Rorschach Inkblot Test

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Criticisms of Freuds theory

• 1.   Freud had no scientific data to support his
  theories.
• 2.   Freuds theories (unconscious, libido, etc.)
  cannot be observed.
• 3.   Theory explains behavior (post-hoc) after
  the fact.
• 4.   Doubt that conscience and gender identity
  form as child resolves Oedipus complex at age
  5-6we gain gender identity early and become
  masculine or feminine even without a same sex
  parent
• 5. Research contradicts that painful memories
  are repressed

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Criticisms of Freud

• 6. Neural networks not mature enough to sustain
  the emotional trauma as Freud assumed
• 7. Freud overestimated parental influence and
  underestimated child abuse and peer influence
• 8. New ideas of why we dream dispute Freuds
  belief that dreams disguise and fulfill wishes.
• 9. Slips of tongue can be explained through
  competition between similar verbal choices in our
  memory network
• 10. The modern unconscious mind
• False consensus effect
• Terror management theory

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Pros of Freuds theory

• 1. Argued that childhood experiences are
  important in personality development.
• 2. Information outside of awareness does
  influence us ie. Procedural memory (implicit)
• 3. Defense mechanismsgood descriptions of some
  of our behaviors.
• 4. Research agrees - conscious awareness of what
  goes on in our minds is very limited

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Humanistic Psychology

• 1960s people became sick of Freuds negativity
  and Skinners mechanistic behaviorism.

• Freud studied the ill, humanists studied the
  healthy and ways they strive for self
  determination and self actualization

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Abraham Maslows Self Actualizing Person

• Hierarchy of Needs

• Self- actualization - process of fulfilling our
  potential.
• Self-transcendence meaning purpose and
  communion beyond the self
• Studied healthy people

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Who did Maslow study?
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Self-Actualized People

• They share certain characteristics

• They are self aware and self accepting

• Open and spontaneous

• Loving and caring

• Not paralyzed by others opinions.

• They are secure in who they are.

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Self-Actualized People

• Problem centered rather than self-centered.

Focused their energies on a particular task.
Few deep relationships, rather than many
superficial ones.
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Self-Actualization

• These are the qualities that make up a mature
  adult.

• These people have found their calling in life.

Is this a goal worth striving for?
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Carl Rogers

• People are basically
• Good
• Personal growth is
• promoted by inter-actions
• with others who are
• genuine, accepting, and
• empathetic

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Carl Rogers Person-Centered Perspective

• Carl Rogers
• Growth promoting climate
• Genuineness
• Acceptance
• Empathy
• Unconditional positive
  regard
• Self-concept

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Assessing the Self

• Self-report tests
• Congruency
• Ideal versus actual self

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Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective

• Renewed interest in self-concept
• Criticisms
• Vague and subjective
• Individualistic and Western biased
• Naïve

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The Trait Perspective
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Traits

• Trait
• Describing rather than explaining
• Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

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Exploring TraitsFactor Analysis

• Factor analysis
• Eysenck and Eysenck
• Extroversion versus introversion
• Emotional stability versus instability
• Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

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Exploring TraitsFactor Analysis
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Exploring TraitsFactor Analysis
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Exploring TraitsFactor Analysis
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Exploring TraitsFactor Analysis
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Exploring TraitsFactor Analysis
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Exploring TraitsFactor Analysis
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Exploring TraitsFactor Analysis
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Exploring TraitsBiology and Personality

• Brain scans
• Brain arousal
• Genetics
• Autonomic nervous system reactivity

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Assessing Traits

• Personality inventory
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
  (MMPI)
• Empirically derived test
• Objective test
• Lie scale

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The Big Five Factors

• The Big Five
• Conscientiousness
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism
• Emotional stability vs instability
• Openness
• Extraversion

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The Big Five Factors
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The Big Five Factors
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The Big Five Factors
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The Big Five Factors
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The Big Five Factors
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The Big Five Factors
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The Big Five Factors
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The Big Five Factors

• Questions on The Big Five
• How stable are the traits?
• How heritable are the traits?
• Do the traits predict other personal attributes?

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Traits and the Stars

• Stock spiel builds on the observation that each
  of us is in some ways like no one else and in
  other ways just like everyone
• Barnum effect acceptance of stock positive
  descriptions. Theres a sucker born every
  minute

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Evaluating the Trait PerspectiveThe
Person-Situation Controversy

• Person-situation controversy
• Are traits
  consistent?
• Can traits
  predict
  behavior?

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The Social-Cognitive Perspective
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The Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Social-cognitive perspective (Bandura)
• 1. learn many of our behaviors either through
  conditioning or observing others (social part)
• 2. Emphasize the importance of mental processes
  (cognitive part)
• 3. Focus on our interaction with the
  environment (interpretation and response to
  external events)

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Reciprocal Influences

• Reciprocal determinism

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Reciprocal Influences

• Ways individuals and the environment interact
• Different people choose different environments
• Our personalities shape how we interpret and
  react to events
• Our personalities help create situations to which
  we react

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The Biopsychosocial Approach to the Study of
Personality
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Personal Control

• Personal control
• Two ways to study personal control
• Correlate peoples feelings of control with their
  behaviors and achievements
• Experiment by raising and lowering peoples sense
  of control and noting the effects

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Personal ControlInternal Versus External Locus
of Control

• Internal versus external locus of control
• External locus of control
• Internal locus of control

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Personal ControlDepleting and Strengthening
Self-Control

• Self-control

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Personal ControlBenefits of Personal Control

• Learned helplessness

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Personal ControlBenefits of Personal Control

• Learned helplessness

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Personal ControlBenefits of Personal Control

• Learned helplessness

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Personal ControlBenefits of Personal Control

• Learned helplessness

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Personal ControlBenefits of Personal Control

• Learned helplessness
• Tyranny of choice

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Personal ControlOptimism Versus Pessimism

• Optimism and Health
• Excessive Optimism
• Blindness to ones
  own incompetence
• Positive psychology
• Seligman
• Self Serving Bias

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Assessing Behavior in Situations

• US Army spy training
• Business use of simulations

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Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Based on research
• Focuses too much on the situation

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Comparing Research Methods
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Comparing Research Methods
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Comparing Research Methods
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Comparing Research Methods
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Comparing Research Methods
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Comparing Research Methods
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Comparing Research Methods
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Exploring the Self
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Introduction

• Self
• Possible
  selves
• Spotlight
  effect

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The Benefits of Self-Esteem

• Self-esteem

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Self-Serving Bias

• Self-serving bias
• People accept more responsibility for good deeds
  than for bad, successes than failures
• Most people see themselves as better than
  average
• Defensive self-esteem

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Culture and the Self

• Individualism
• Collectivism

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Individualism versus Collectivism
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Individualism versus Collectivism
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Individualism versus Collectivism
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Individualism versus Collectivism
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Individualism versus Collectivism
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Individualism versus Collectivism
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Individualism versus Collectivism
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Individualism versus Collectivism
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The End
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Definition Slide

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Definition Slides
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Personality

• an individuals characteristic pattern of
  thinking, feeling, and acting.

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Free Association

• in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the
  unconscious in which the person relaxes and says
  whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or
  embarrassing.

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Psychoanalysis

• Freuds theory of personality that attributes
  thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and
  conflicts the techniques used in treating
  psychological disorders by seeking to expose and
  interpret unconscious tensions.

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Unconscious

• according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly
  unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and
  memories. According to contemporary
  psychologists, information processing of which we
  are unaware.

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Id

• a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that,
  according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic
  sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on
  the pleasure principle, demanding immediate
  gratification.

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Ego

• the largely conscious, executive part of
  personality that, according to Freud, mediates
  among the demands of the id, superego, and
  reality. The ego operates on the reality
  principle, satisfying the ids desires in ways
  that will realistically bring pleasure rather
  than pain.

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Superego

• the part of personality that, according to
  Freud, represents internalized ideals and
  provides standards for judgment (the conscience)
  and for future aspirations.

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Psychosexual Stages

• the childhood stages of development, (oral,
  anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which,
  according to Freud, the ids pleasure-seeking
  energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

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Oedipus Complex

• according to Freud, a boys sexual desires
  toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and
  hatred for the rival father.

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Identification

• the process by which, according to Freud,
  children incorporate their parents values into
  their developing superegos.

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Fixation

• according to Freud, a lingering focus of
  pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier
  psychosexual state, in which conflicts were
  unresolved.

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Defense Mechanisms

• in psychoanalytic theory, the egos protective
  methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously
  distorting reality.

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Repression

• in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense
  mechanism that banishes anxiety- arousing
  thoughts, feelings, and memories from
  consciousness.

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Regression

• psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an
  individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more
  infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic
  energy remains fixated.

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Reaction Formation

• psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the
  ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulse
  into their opposites. Thus, people may express
  feelings that are the opposite of their
  anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

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Projection

• psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which
  people disguise their own threatening impulses by
  attributing them to others.

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Rationalization

• psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers
  self-justifying explanations in place of the
  real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for
  ones actions.

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Displacement

• psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts
  sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more
  acceptable or less threatening object or person,
  as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.

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Sublimation

• psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which
  people re-channel their unacceptable impulses
  into socially approved activities.

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Denial

• psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which
  people refuse to believe or even to perceive
  painful realities.

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Collective Unconscious

• Carl Jungs concept of a shared, inherited
  reservoir of memory traces from our species
  history.

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Projective Test

• a personality test, such as the Rorschach or
  TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to
  trigger projection of ones inner dynamics.

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

• a projective test in which people express their
  inner feelings and interests through the stories
  they make up about ambiguous scenes.

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Rorschach Inkblot Test

• the most widely used projective test, a set of
  10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach seeks
  to identify peoples inner feelings by analyzing
  their interpretations of the blots.

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Terror-management Theory

• a theory of death-related anxiety explores
  peoples emotional and behavioral responses to
  reminders of their impending death.

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Self-actualization

• according to Maslow, one of the ultimate
  psychological needs that arises after basic
  physical and psychological needs are met and
  self-esteem is achieved the motivation to
  fulfill ones potential.

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Unconditional Positive Regard

• according to Rogers, an attitude of total
  acceptance toward another person.

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Self-concept

• all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves,
  in answer to the question, Who am I?

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Trait

• a characteristic pattern of behavior or a
  disposition to feel and act, as assessed by
  self-report inventories and peer reports.

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Personality Inventory

• a questionnaire (often true-false or
  agree-disagree items) on which people respond to
  items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings
  and behaviors used to assess selected
  personality traits.

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

• the most widely researched and clinically used
  of all personality tests. Originally developed to
  identify emotional disorders (still considered
  its most appropriate use), this test is now used
  for many other screening purposes.

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Empirically Derived Test

• a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing
  a pool of items and then selecting those that
  discriminate between groups.

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Social-cognitive Perspective

• views behavior as influenced by the interaction
  between peoples traits (including their
  thinking) and their social context.

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Reciprocal Determinism

• the interacting influences of behavior,
  internal cognition, and environment.

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Personal Control

• the extent to which people perceive control
  over their environment rather than feeling
  helpless.

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External Locus of Control

• the perception that chance or outside forces
  beyond your personal control determine your fate.

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Internal Locus of Control

• the perception that you control your own fate.

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Positive Psychology

• the scientific study of optimal human
  functioning aims to discover and promote
  strengths and virtues that enable individuals and
  communities to thrive.

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Self

• in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the
  center of personality, the organizer of our
  thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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Spotlight Effect

• overestimating others noticing and evaluating
  our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if
  we presume a spotlight shines on us).

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Self-esteem

• ones feelings of high or low self-worth.

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Self-serving Bias

• a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

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Individualism

• giving priority to ones own goals to over
  group goals and defining ones identity in terms
  of personal attributes rather than than group
  identifications

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Collectivism

• giving priority to the goals of ones group
  (often ones extended family or work group) and
  defining ones identity accordingly.