Immunology - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Immunology

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Immunology NON-SPECIFIC RESPONSES SPECIFIC RESPONSES Immune System and Response Immune Response Immune systems Parts of the system (systemic) Mucosal immune ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Immunology


1
Immunology
  • NON-SPECIFIC RESPONSES
  • SPECIFIC RESPONSES

2
Immune System and Response
  • Immune Response

3
Immune systems
  • Parts of the system (systemic)
  • Mucosal immune system

4
Non-specific immune system
  • Very Important in fish
  • Logical, due to aquatic environment

5
Surface Barriers in Fish
  • Fish Skin, and Scales
  • Mucus
  • Lysosymes act on microorganisms

6
Phagocytosis
phagosome forming
damage and digestion
lysosome
phagocytosis
Release of microbial products
lysosome fusion
7
Body fluid Barriers
  • Complement
  • Transferrin
  • Interferon

8
Signaling (soluble mediators)
  • Complement (innate/adaptive responses) Group of
    serum proteins that function in the control of
    inflammation
  • Alternative pathway (innate) Complement
    molecules coat microorganism
  • Acute phase proteins
  • Spontaneously activated
  • Classical pathway (adaptive) Complement
    molecules activated by antibodies bound to
    pathogen (cascade)
  • Cytokines Group of molecules involved in
    signalling between cells during immune response

9
Complement functions
complement
phagocyte
bacteria
bacteria
2. chemotaxix
1. lysis
3. opsonization
10
Immune System Cells
  • Phagocytes-
  • neutrophils
  • Natural killer cells

11
Immune cells (innate immunity)
  • Phagocytic Leucocytes (also involved in adaptive
    responses) Function to engulf particles,
    including infections agents, internalize and
    destroy them
  • Monocytes Blood cell lineage found in
    circulation
  • Macrophages Monocytes which have migrated into
    the tissues
  • Neutrophils Ingest and lyse pathogens
    (lysozyme, acid hydrolases, etc)

12
Specific Immune System
  • Antigen processing by Immunocompetent cells (APC)
  • Cellular
  • Humoral immunity
  • soluble antibody
  • Lymphocytes T or B cells

13
Specific responses (Adaptive immunity)
  • Lymphocytes Initiate adaptive immune responses
    (derived from stem cells in anterior kidney of
    fish)
  • B-cells Responsible for producing antibody
  • T-cells Cytotoxic functions as well as helper
    functions for antibody production
  • Antigen Any molecule that can be recognized by
    B and T cells
  • Antibody (Immunoglobulin) Serum proteins that
    recognize a specific antigen

14
Immune Response
Ant. Kidney
Thymus
Liver
stem cell
T cell
Macrophage with antigen
Spleen
B cell
IgM
Fish
Activated T cell
Plasma Cell
IgA
Memory Cell
IgE
Mammals
IgD
Cell mediated Immunity
IgG
Humoral Immunity
15
Antigen Presentation
IL-2, IL-4
Activated T-cell
Resting T-cell
Activation
IL-4, IL-5
TCR
CD3
IL-1 signal
CD4
Y
MHC
Y
B-cell
antigen
Y
Y
Y
Y
T cell epitope
B cell epitope
Y
Accessory cell
Ig synthesis
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
16
Antibodies (Immunoglobulin)in fish
Binding sites
Bacteria or virus
17
Clonal Selection
Antigen selection
B cells
Proliferation/ maturation
Production of antibody 2
Memory cells
Plasma cells
18
Primary and secondary response
Memory
Immune response
Antibody
Memory
Antibody
Time
Natural infection or booster
Primary vaccination
19
Antibodies
  • Protein or Antigen
  • Structure

20
Antibody production
  • T - cells proliferate and release lymphokines, B
    (memory) cells have different Ig receptors on
    cell surface that are activated
  • B cells multiply, release immunoglobins in plasma

21
Immune System
  • Mammals vs Fish
  • Mammals
  • Very advanced leading to long term protection
  • Ig isotype heterogeneity
  • Distinct mucosal and systemic (internal) immune
    systems
  • Fish
  • More primitive shorter duration and less
    specific
  • Limited Ig isotype repertoire
  • Importance of specific mucosal responses not well
    known

22
Antibody heterogeneity between vertebrates
Vertebrate group Ab synthesis IgM IgG/Y IgA IgD IgE
Mammals
Birds
Reptiles ?
Frogs/toads
Salamanders/newts
Lungfish
Teleost fish ?
Sharks/rays
Jawless fish
23
Vaccination
  • Many vaccines have non-specific adjuvant that
    results in release of interleukines/cytokines and
    stimulatory factors

24
Anamestic Response
  • Primary response
  • Cell mediated immunity
  • Secondary Response

25
Factors Affecting Immune Response
  • Intrinsic Fish
  • Extrinsic factors -
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