TAKS Review

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TAKS Review

• Taxonomy, Evolution and Adaptations

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Binomial Nomenclature

• Organisms are given two term names
• genus and species
• Humans are
• Homo sapiens

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Levels of Taxonomy

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

• Kangaroo
• Parents
• Clapped
• Obediently
• For
• Green
• Shoes

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The Six Kingdoms
Protista
Fungi
Eubacteria
Animalia
Archaebacteria
Plantae
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Six Kingdoms
Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plants Animals
Cell type? Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Cell wall? Yes Yes (peptido-glycan) Some (cellulose) Yes (chitin) Yes (cellulose) NO
Cell numbers Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular or Multi-cellular Unicellular or Multi-cellular Multi-cellular Multi-cellular
Cellular energy Both hetero- and autotrophs Both hetero- and autotrophs Both hetero- and autotrophs heterotrophs autotrophs heterotrophs
Archaebacteria
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Examples from the 6 Kingdoms
Archaebacteria Halophiles, methanogens
Eubacteria E. Coli, Streptococcus
Protista Euglena, diatoms, amoeba
Fungi Mushrooms, yeast
Plantae Moss, ferns, flowering plants, trees
Animalia Birds, humans, reptiles, sponges, worms
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Practice Question

• A laboratory investigation included examining
  prepared slides of pond water. Single-celled
  organisms with a nucleus and either cilia or
  flagella were visible. These organisms probably
  belong to the kingdom
• F Animalia
• G Eubacteria
• H Plantae
• J Protista

J
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Practice Question

• Which of these classifications is most specific?
• A Family
• B Genus
• C Phylum
• D Order

B
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Practice Question

• According to this information, three of these
  organisms should be placed in the same kingdom.
  Which organism should be placed in a different
  kingdom?

F Q G R H S J T
G
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Practice Question

• Knowledge of which of these is most important in
  classifying this new organism into a kingdom?
• F The color of light absorbed by the organism
• G The type of radiation emitted
• H The use of photosynthesis
• J The color of the organism

H
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Practice Question
The picture shows a piece of rotting wood. Which
of these does the picture demonstrate? F
Photosynthesis occurring G Wood regenerating H
Decomposers growing J Genes transforming
H
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Practice Question

• The chart shows the classification of four
  organisms found in Texas. Which organism is most
  closely related to Organism X?
• A Anolis carolinensis
• B Bufo americanus
• C Poecile gambeli
• D Grus americana

C
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Practice Question

• Which is a characteristic of members of the plant
  kingdom that distinguishes them from members of
  the animal kingdom?
• A Storage of energy in chemical bonds
• B Exchange of H2O with the environment
• C Use of mRNA during protein production
• D Use of chlorophyll for solar-energy
  transformation

D
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Practice Question

• The table above shows percent differences in
  Cytochrome c in four different animals. According
  to the table, which two animals are most closely
  related to each other?

A
A Horse and dog B Dog and kangaroo C Horse and
penguin D Penguin and kangaroo
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Evolution

• Means change over time
• Organisms are suited to their environment, but as
  their environment changes they also must change
  or adapt in order to survive.
• Adaptations are characteristics that increase an
  organisms chances for survival.

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Adaptation Questions

• TAKS likes adaptation questions.
• For these, think about the environment the
  organism is in and what its MOST important needs
  are!
• Examples
• Desert species need water, cooling system
• Tundra species need to keep warm
• Saltwater species need to remove extra salt,
  breathe underwater

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Who is more fit to their environment?

• Thats better!

• Polar bears are not naturally found where there
  are brick walls and dirt.

• The brown bear blends in with the flora found in
  the Canadian wilderness.

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Speciation Separation into new species

• Geographic, Temporal and Behavioral isolation can
  all lead to reproductive isolation.

Temporal refers to timing. Timing for mating,
migrating, feeding etc.
Bird of paradise mating dance is a distinct
behavior of this species
Mountains, rivers even roads can separate two
populations of the same species.
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Reproductive Isolation

• When two variations of the same species can no
  longer interbreed because they are separated by
  time, behavior or location
• they have experienced reproductive isolation.
  They are no longer part of the same species.
  They are two different species.
• Speciation has occurred.

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Natural Selection

• Survival of the Fittest
• Organisms that survive long enough to reproduce
  have favorable traits.
• These traits get passed on to offspring.
• They are naturally selected for and become more
  common as time goes on.
• FYI unfavorable traits dont get passed on as
  often and are seen less frequently as time goes
  on.

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Practice Question

• Which of the following is an adaptation most
  likely observed in plants growing along Aransas
  Bay (red dot on map)?
• A Sensitivity to green light
• B Tolerance of saltwater
• C Extension of root length
• D Resistance to predation

B
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Practice Question

• Cacti grow slowly compared to most other plants.
  The fact that cacti keep their stomata closed for
  much of the day can help explain this growth
  characteristic. Which of these best explains the
  advantage of keeping stomata closed during the
  day?
• F It limits water loss through transpiration.
• G It conserves oxygen produced in photosynthesis.
• H It recycles carbon dioxide within plant
  systems.
• J It protects plant tissues from predators.

F
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Practice QuestionBackground

• Stomata are the little holes mainly on the bottom
  side of leaves that control H2O loss and CO2
  intake.
• They can open and close depending on plant needs.

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Practice Question

• The myxoma virus was used to control an
  overpopulation of European rabbits in Australia.
  When first introduced in the mid-1900s, the virus
  greatly reduced the European rabbit population.
  Today the virus is not an effective control of
  the European rabbit population. Fewer European
  rabbits are affected by the virus today because
  they have
• F learned to avoid the virus
• G moved away from infected areas
• H undergone a change in diet
• J developed resistance to the virus

J
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Practice Question

• The guppy is a species of small freshwater fish.
  Scientists observed that the average size of
  guppies in a pond decreased over a few years
  after a guppy predator was introduced into the
  pond. Which of the following best explains the
  change in guppy size?
• F Speciation
• G Convergent evolution
• H Inbreeding
• J Natural selection

J
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Practice Question

• Some mesquite trees have deeper roots than any
  other plant in the desert. How are deep roots an
  adaptation for survival in the desert?
• F Deep roots can protect the tree from predators.
• G Roots encounter cooler conditions far below the
  desert surface.
• H Roots can extend great distances to reach
  water.
• J Deep roots interact with beneficial bacteria
  below the surface.

H
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Practice Question

• A man treated his home with a pesticide that
  kills roaches. The first application of the
  pesticide killed 92 of the roaches. Two months
  later he applied the pesticide to his home again,
  but the second application killed only 65 of the
  roaches. What would best explain the decrease in
  the effectiveness of the pesticide?
• F The pesticide is effective only against mature
  roaches.
• G Once roaches learned how to fight the
  pesticide, they taught others.
• H The surviving roaches were naturally resistant
  to the pesticide, and that resistance was
  inherited by their offspring.
• J The pesticide caused some of the roaches
  digestive systems to mutate and metabolize the
  pesticide.

H
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Practice Question

• F Birds become confused by the bugscoloration,
  so the bug has time to escape.
• G Birds associate the bugs coloration with its
  bad taste and avoid eating it.
• H Birds are unable to locate the bugs head, so
  the bug can escape.
• J Birds cannot locate the bug because it appears
  to be part of the plant.

Which of the following best explains how the
milkweed bugs coloration helps it avoid being
eaten by birds?
G
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Practice Question

• The benefits of spines on a cactus are similar
  to the benefits of the
• F scales on a butterfly wing
• G talons on a hawk
• H whiskers on a cat
• J shell on a tortoise

J
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Practice Question

• Some species of kelp anchor themselves to the
  seafloor. These species have small air sacs,
  called air bladders, at the base of each leaf.
  The air bladders raise the top of the kelp to the
  waters surface. What advantage do air bladders
  give the kelp?
• A They allow the kelp to obtain more salt from
  the water.
• B They prevent the kelp from breaking during a
  storm.
• C They allow kelp leaves to receive greater
  amounts of sunlight.
• D They provide the kelp with protection from
  herbivores.

C
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Fossils

• Imprints or remains of living things
• In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the
  deeper it is, the older it is
• Gives information about extinct species

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What is extinction and what causes it?

• A population is extinct when the last of that
  species is dead.
• Example There are no more dinosaurs.
• What happened? Their habitat was destroyed.
  When they no longer have what they need to live,
  they die.

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Analogous and Homologous Features


Homologous structures are derived from a common
ancestor structure, but may or may not serve the
same purpose. The bones are homologous.
Analogous structures serve the same purpose.
The moth with is analogous to bat and bird wings.
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Practice Question

• During a severe drought a dry lake
• was explored for fossils. The diagram
• represents the fossils uncovered and
• the layers they were in. According to
• this information, this area was once a
• A forest that was replaced by a freshwater lake
• B freshwater lake that was replaced by a desert
• C saltwater sea that was replaced by a forest
• D freshwater lake that was replaced by a forest

A
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Practice Question

• Birds and reptiles are similar in that they are
  vertebrates and lay eggs. They differ in that
  reptiles have teeth and birds have beaks. Some
  birds do possess teeth. However, these teeth are
  present only in the embryonic stage. Which
  conclusion is best supported by the presence of
  teeth in bird embryos?
• A Birds and reptiles share a common ancestor.
• B Modern reptiles are the ancestors of modern
  birds.
• C Birds and reptiles eat similar types of food.
• D Ancestors of reptiles had beaks similar to
  those of birds.

A