Ancient Civilizations

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Ancient Civilizations

• The World of Islam

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Arabs

• Arabs nomadic bedouins, Semitic speaking people
  who lived in Arabian Peninsula
• Hostile surroundings made the Arabs move
  constantly to continue to feed their animals
• Arabs organized into independent tribes to help
  each other with difficult lives
• Sheikh leader of tribe
• Early Arabs herded sheep farmed on the Arabian
  peninsula
• After domestication of camel, expanded caravan
  trade from between Persian gulf Mediterranean

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Bedouins
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Arabs

• Early Arabs were polytheistic, Allah main god
• Traced their ancestry to Abraham his son
  Ishmael, who were believed to have built a shrine
  called the Kaaba at Mecca
• Black Stone, cornerstone of Kaaba, revered for
  its association with Abraham

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Muhammad

• Born into merchant family in Mecca, orphaned
  early
• Became a caravan merchant married his boss, a
  rich widow named Khadija
• Muhammad was troubled with gap between the greedy
  rich honest poor
• Muhammad went into mountains to meditate on the
  issue
• While meditating, Muhammad received revelation
  from God through the angel Gabriel

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Muhammad

• Muhammad came to believe that Allah had revealed
  himself partially to Moses Jesus and his final
  revelations were to him
• Islam submission to the will of Allah
• Quran Muslim bible based on Muhammad
  revelations
• Quran contains ethical guidelines for Muslims
• Islam has only one god, Muhammad is the prophet

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Mosque Of The Prophet In Madinah
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Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem Where
Muhammad Ascended Into Heaven
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ISLAM

• Muhammad became a religious, political,
  military leader
• He assembled a military force to defend
  community/ military victories attracted many
  followers
• In 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca with 10,000
  soldiers/ city surrendered many residents
  converted to Islam
• Muhammad declared the Kaaba to be a sacred shrine
• Muhammad died 2 years later, Islam spread through
  the Arabian peninsula

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The Quran Holy Book Of Islam
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Five Pillars of Islam

• Faith Allah is the one true god and Muhammad is
  his prophet.
• Prayer five times a day toward Makkah, noon on
  Fridays at mosque.
• Alms Giving.
• Fasting during Ramadan from sunrise to sunset.
• Pilgrimage - a hajj to Makkah once in lifetime

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There is no deity except Allah (the One and Only
God), Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.
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Celebrating The Last Day of Ramadan
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Pilgrims On The Road to And Camped Outside of
Makkah
Pil
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Al-Haram Mosque Holds the Kaaba
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Values Honor parents Be kind to
neighbors Protect widows and orphans Give to the
poor
Condemns Murder Stealing Lying Adultery
The Quran
Forbids Gambling Pork Alcohol
Regulates Marriage Divorce Inheritance Business
Endorses Polygamy Slavery Jihad
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Creation of Arab Empire

• Difficult finding leadership after Muhammads
  death
• Abu Bakr Muhammads father-in-law was chosen to
  be successor/ called caliph successor to
  Muhammad
• Bakr Muhammad used Jihad to spread movement of
  Islam
• Jihad struggle in way of god
• By 650 Egypt, Syria, Persian empire were part
  of Arab empire/ Done under leadership of Bakr
• Death in battle was assured place in
  palace/enhanced military courage

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The Meaning of Jihad
1. Jihad against oneself - the daily struggle
against evil and temptation in life. 2. Jihad
with knowledge - the struggle to use knowledge,
particularly from the Qur'an, to fight ignorance
and to gain converts to Islam not through battle,
but through the power of Qur'anic knowledge. 3.
Jihad with wealth - the struggle to give up
material wealth for the benefit of Islam, through
charitable donations. 4. Jihad with the sword -
the physical struggle to defend Islam against
harm from unbelievers. Muslims believe that if
they give their lives in this military jihad they
will be rewarded with eternal paradise. 5. Jihad
through righteousness - the struggle to
continuously undertake good deeds to please God
and benefit humanity.
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Arab Empire

• First 2 caliphs after Abu Bakr were killed
• In 656 Muhammads son-in-law, Ali, became caliph
  but was assassinated 5 years later

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Ali and Sons
Ali's Shrine
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Umayyad Dynasty

• In 661, general Muawiyah became caliph/ was
  rival of Ali
• Was governor of Syria moved capital from
  Medinah to Damascus
• Was known for only using force if necessary
• Made the office of caliph hereditary
• 8th century Arabs conquered converted the
  Berbers lived on coast of North Africa
• Occupied southern Spain/ By 725 Spain was Muslim
  state
• Arabs were defeated at Battle of Tours ending
  European expansion

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Damascus Umayyad Capital
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Umayyad Dynasty

• In 717, Muslims attacked Constantinople, but
  their navy was defeated by Byzantines
• Internal struggles led to revolts
• Most important revolt was led by Hussein, 2nd son
  of Ali/ Most of his followers defected and he
  fought 10,000 soldiers with 72.All died
• The struggles caused Islam to split into two
  groups, the Shiite Sunni
• Split continues today.Most Muslims are Sunnis,
  but much of Iraq Iran consider themselves
  Shiites

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Abbasid Dynasty

• In 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyad
  dynasty founded Abbasid which lasted until 1258
• In 762, Abbasid built new capital of Baghdad on
  the Tigris river/ location took advantage of
  river caravan traffic
• Harun al-Rashid led dynasty through golden age/
  known for charity and patronage
• Son al Mamun was a great patron of learning
• Baghdad became center of a huge trade empire

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Baghdad
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Abbasid Dynasty Falls

• Abbasid experienced problems fighting over
  succession of caliph
• Vast wealth led to financial corruption
• Shortage of qualified Arabs to fill government
  positions allowed non-Arabs to become a dominant
  force in the military bureaucracy which led
  disintegration
• Rulers of provinces began to break away
• Spain, Morocco, Egypt independent with own
  caliphate

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Umayyad Mosque In Spain
Samanid Mosque In Bukhara
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Fatimid Mosque in Cairo
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Seljuk Turks Crusades

• Fatimid dynasty became center of Islamic
  civilization important because it was located
  on Nile river Cairo
• Created a strong army by non-native soldiers
  Seljuk Turks
• Seljuk Turks nomadic people from central Asia,
  converted to Islam
• Took over much of Abbasid empire captured
  Baghdad held political and military power
• Turks took over Anatolian plateau, Byzantine
  empire turned west for help

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Crusades

• Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked Christian
  states of Europe for help against Turks
• Europeans agreed and a series of Crusades began
  in 1096
• Crusaders put Muslims on defensive first
• 1169, Saladin took control of Egypt ended
  Fatimid dynasty, took offensive _at_ Christians
• 1187, Saladins army destroyed the Christian
  forces in the kingdom of Jerusalem
• Main effect of Crusades centuries of mistrust
  between Muslims Christians

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Mongols

• Pastoral people who came out of the Gobi desert
  in early 13th century
• Were highly destructive conquerors whose goal was
  to create such a terror that people would not
  fight back
• 1258, Mongols seized Persia Mesopotamia
• Leader Hulegu hated Islam, detroyed Baghdad
  Abbasid caliphate ended
• Mongols advanced as far as the Red Sea
• They failed to conquer because resistance of
  Mamluks Turkish slave soldiers who had power
  after overthrowing Saladin

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Mongols

• Mongol leaders began to convert to Islam
  intermarried with local peoples
• 14th century, Mongol empire split into separate
  kingdoms
• Islamic empire ended
• Because Mongols had destroyed Baghdad, Cairo
  became center of Islamic civilization

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Kublai Khan
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Islamic Civilization

• Arab empire was generally prosperous
• Based on extensive trade by ship camel
• Camel caravans went to Morocco in far west to
  countries beyond Caspian Sea
• Trade began to prosper during Abassid dynasty
• Large magnificent cities began to
  prosper..Baghdad, Cairo, Damascus, Cordoba
• Islamic cities had their own physical appearance
• Palace mosques most impressive buildings
• Fountains, public baths, bazaars

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Bazaars
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Islamic Society

• Muslims live their lives in accordance with
  Allahs teachings revealed in the Quran
• Islam claims that all people are equal in the
  eyes of Allah/ was not always the case in the
  Arab empire well defined upper class of ruling
  families wealthy merchants
• Slaves were not considered equal/Muslims could
  not be slaves/ Slaves came from south Africa or
  Asia, mostly captives of war/treated pretty well,
  many were set free
• Women were not treated equal, Quran does not tell
  men to do so

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Islamic Society

• Men dominated Arab empire
• Every woman had a male guardian/ Women were
  secluded at home kept from social contacts with
  men outside their families
• Parents arranged marriages for children/ Muslim
  men could have up to 4 wives\had to pay dowry
• Women covered much of their bodies while in
  public
• These customs are more connected with Arab
  practice than to the teachings of the Quran

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Islamic Achievements

• Al-Mamuns House of Wisdom Baghdad, Arab
  scholars translated Greek works by Plato,
  Aristotle, etc./ Mathematics texts were included
• Ibn-Rushd scholar, wrote commentaries on
  Aristotles works
• Math created algebra passed on Indias
  numbering system known as Arabic in Europe
• Science perfected astrolabe-used by sailors to
  determine location by looking at position of
  planets stars/ observatory in Baghdad where
  scientists studied and named many stars

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Arabic Achievements

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Islamic Achievements

• Medicine developed medicine as a field of
  study/ Ibn Sina wrote medical encyclopedia, Canon
  of Medicine, it showed how diseases could spread
• History Ibn Khaldun proposed cyclical history,
  cause effect, wrote Muqaddimah- Intro to
  History
• Literature Quran was main book/ Omar Khayyam
  wrote Rubaiyat/ Arabian Nights (1001 Nights)
  collection of folktales fables that were first
  told orally then written down over many years
• Art/Architecture blends together Arabic,
  Turkish, Persian traditions

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Islamic Achievements

• Art is expressed in Mosques/ decorations
  arabesques- geometric patterns of Arabic letters,
  plants, abstract figures
• No representation of Muhammad in any art/ prophet
  warned against imitating God by creating pictures
• Great Mosque of Samarra is the largest Mosque
  ever built present day Iraq, covers 10 acres
• Mosque in Cordoba, Spain 514 columns make
  building into a forest of trees\
• Palaces reflected the glory of Islam
• Alhambra in Granada, Spain is finest Islamic
  palace

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