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Settlement Colonization

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Title: Settlement Colonization


1
SettlementColonization
  • 1500-1763

2
  • Three major powers controlled the known world
  • a) Great Britainb) Spainc) France
  • In 1492 Columbus sailed to the Americas for Spain
  • 1497 and 1498 John Cabot sailed to North America
    for Britain
  • 1577 Sir Francis Drake landed in San Francisco
  • Events in Europe shaped the nature of exploration
  • Britain and France both looked for the Northwest
    Passage to Asia

3
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4
Spain
  • Spanish explorers dominated Central and South
    America
  • 1519-21 Cortes conquers Mexico
  • De Soto explores the southeast
  • 1532 Pizarro conquers Peru
  • 1540 Coronado explores the southwest
  • 1588 The Armada is defeated

5
France
  • French explorers sailed along the St. Lawrence
    River, through the Great Lakes and down the
    Mississippi River from Canada to the Gulf of
    Mexico
  • They were focused on furs and establishing trade
    with the Indians the Spanish focused on wealth
    and exploitation of the Indians
  • 1524 Verrazano explores the east coast
  • 1534 Cartier journeys along the St. Lawrence
  • 1680 La Salle sails down the Mississippi

6
Reasons for Colonization
  1. Population increase in Britain
  2. Enclosure movement
  3. Primogeniture first-born sons gets everything
  4. Religious freedom Puritans and separatists
  5. Economic opportunity a) based on Spanish wealth
    b) Jamestown
  6. Joint-stock companies facilitated exploration
  7. Dumping unwanted people - Georgia

7
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8
Jamestown - Virginia
  • The first attempt at colonization was by Sir
    Walter Raleigh in 1584
  • In 1585 a small group tried establish a colony at
    Roanoke. The area was named Virginia after Queen
    Elizabeth I of England
  • Sir Francis Drake rescued the first settlers, but
    in 1587 another group arrived
  • By 1590 this group had disappeared without trace
    this was the lost colony Croatoan
  • The next attempt to colonize would be 20 years
    later
  • In 1606 the Virginia Company received a charter
    from James I for settlement
  • Settlers were guaranteed same rights as Englishmen

9
  • Dec. 1607 about 100 settlers landed at Jamestown
    (40 had died on the voyage)
  • Virginia was terrible disease, cold, wet
  • The colonists/adventurers had not intended to
    stay they wanted to get rich and return to
    England, but because of poor location, swampy
    land, laziness, and disease many died
  • There was no incentive to work
  • 1608 Capt. John Smith took over and forced the
    colonists to work
  • Smith developed good relations with the local
    Indians - Powhatan
  • 1609 Smith forced to return to England
  • 1609-10 starving time
  • Gradually relations with the Indians deteriorated

10
  • By 1612 John Rolfe found a way to grow tobacco
    which enabled to colony to survive
  • By 1616 tobacco is a staple export
  • Indentured servants arrived to work in the fields
  • The First Anglo-Powhatan War ended in 1614 when
    John Rolfe married Pocahontas
  • In 1622 the Indians, fearing a lose of land,
    attacked again and killed over 300 settlers
    including Rolfe

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12
  • In 1618 the Virginia Co. developed the Headright
    System which gave 50 acres of land to settlers
    and 50 more for each person he brought
  • 1n 1619a) the Virginia Company formed the first
    law-making representative body in America the
    Virginia House of Burgessesb) Colonists given
    same rights as Englishmenc) the first Africans
    arrivedd) 90 women arrived and sold to husbands
  • In 1622 James I dissolved the Virginia Company
    and made Virginia a royal colony in 1624
  • He also established the Church of England and the
    clergy were supported by the tax payers

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14
New England Colonies
  • In 1530s Henry VIII created the Anglican Church
    but still very Catholic
  • The Puritans wanted to completely purify the
    Anglican Church of Catholic influence
  • Separatists (extreme Calvinists) wanted to break
    away from the Anglican Church because of
    philosophical differences
  • James I kicked the Separatists out of England and
    they went to Holland

15
  • They hated Holland!
  • They negotiated with the Virginia Company and
    agreed to relocate to the New World
  • In 1620 they arrived off the coast of New England
  • They surveyed the area and agreed to settle
    Plymouth, not Virginia
  • They created a colony without authority and
    became squatters
  • Only about the colonists were Separatists but
    they were all hard working and determined
    unlike Virginia

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17
Plymouth
  • Before landing they agreed upon the Mayflower
    Compact
  • The compact was not a Constitution, but a set of
    rules
  • Almost half the settlers died that first winter,
    but the next year the harvest was plentiful
  • William Bradford was chosen governor 30 times
  • In 1691 Plymouth merged with Massachusetts Bay
    Colony

18
Massachusetts Bay Colony
  • In 1623 Maine was absorbed by Massachusetts and
    remained part of Massachusetts for over a century
  • In 1629 Puritans gained a royal charter to settle
    in the New World
  • They were a large, well-equipped group led by
    John Winthrop who wanted to create a city upon a
    hill
  • Thanks to fishing, furs, and ship building the
    colony thrived
  • Almost immediately the franchise was extended to
    all males who were freemen and who belonged to
    the Puritan Churches

19
  • About two-fifths of the population could vote
  • The provincial government was not a democracy
  • Winthrop feared democracy
  • Religious leaders dictated who would be allowed
    in the Church and so they controlled the society
  • Quakers were fined, flogged, and/or banished
  • Anne Hutchinson claimed a pure life was no sign
    of salvation angered the Church
  • She claimed she was instructed by God
  • In 1638 she was banished and went to Rhode Island
  • The Great Migration 75,000 Puritans

20
  • Roger Williams went further demanding a break
    from the Church of England
  • Argued that civil decisions should not make
    religious dictates
  • In 1635 he was banished to Rhode Island

21
Rhode Island
  • The land of outcasts Little Rhody Rogues
    Island
  • People who settled there were not necessarily
    similar but not wanted elsewhere
  • Most were against special privileges
  • It secured a charter in 1644 whicha) recognized
    freedom of religionb) accepted a separation of
    church and statec) no taxes to support the
    churchd) no compulsory church attendance

22
Connecticut
  • In 1635 Hartford was founded by Rev. Thomas
    Hooker
  • The settlers were Puritans
  • In 1639 they drafted the Fundamental Orders- a
    modern constitution and the first written
    constitution in the colonies

23
New Hampshire
  • John Mason left rigid Massachusetts for New
    Hampshire
  • In 1639 settlers signed the Exeter Compact which
    had been patterned after the Mayflower Compact
  • In 1641 New Hampshire was absorbed by
    Massachusetts
  • In 1679 it was separated and made a royal colony

24
  • The Middle Colonies are New York, Pennsylvania,
    New Jersey,and Delaware
  • All had fertile, gently sloping land
  • Farms generally not huge
  • Usually friendly with the Indians
  • Incredible cultural and religious diversity
  • Colonies were more ethnically mixed
  • Very socially and economically democratic

25
New York
  • In 1609 Henry Hudson explored the coast of New
    York and Delaware and claimed the area for the
    Dutch
  • The Dutch West Indies company purchased Manhattan
    Island from the Indians for some trinkets
  • They established New Amsterdam and gave large
    tracts of lands to promoters who brought groups
    of settlers to the New Netherlands
  • The settlers were from all across Europe

26
  • The Indians, New Englanders, and Swedes all
    attacked the Dutch
  • The Swedes established New Sweden on the Delaware
    River
  • In 1655 the Dutch sent the one-legged Peter
    Stuyvesant to remove the Swedes
  • Stuyvesant besieged the Swedes and forced them to
    surrender thus ending New Sweden
  • In 1664 Charles II granted the area of New York
    to his brother the Duke of York
  • The English easily defeated the Dutch and renamed
    the area New York

27
New Jersey
  • After the Dutch were forced out the land between
    Virginia and New England the Duke of York made a
    proprietary grant to Sir George Carteret and Lord
    Berkeley
  • The plan was to sell the land and make a fortune
    from real estate
  • The area was called New Jersey
  • In 1702 it was granted a Royal charter

28
Pennsylvania
  • In 1681 William Penn received a massive land
    grant from the king
  • The area was already inhabited by thousands of
    squatters
  • Philadelphia was well-organized and much better
    than most other cities
  • Penn acquired land by purchasing it from the
    Indians
  • The colony developed a dislike towards slavery
    and attracted people from all classes and cultures

29
  • The colony was a Holy Experiment for Quakers
  • The Quakers were against war and violence and
    lived simple lives
  • Freedom of worship extended to all except Jews
    and Catholics
  • The colony welcomed all people and the Quakers
    treated the Indians with respect. However,
    non-Quakers were often violent towards the
    Indians
  • By 1700 only Virginia was richer and more
    populated

30
  • In contrast to the New England and middle
    colonies the southern coloniesVirginia,
    Maryland, North and South Carolina, and Georgia,
    were predominantly rural settlements
  • The social, political, and economic structure was
    dominated by the wealthy farmer

31
Maryland
  • Was the fourth colony founded (second plantation
    colony)
  • In 1634 by Lord Baltimore as a Catholic Haven
  • Large tracts of land were given to Catholics, but
    Protestants were also welcome
  • Maryland Toleration Act decreed religious freedom
    for all except Jews and atheists (death penalty)
  • The colony prospered thanks to tobacco
  • Initially depended upon indentured servants

32
Carolina
  • In 1663 Carolina was named after King Charles II
  • Virginia colonists inhabited the region which was
    known as Albermarle and resented being part of
    Carolina
  • The king gave 8 proprietors the rights to the
    colony, but they focused on the southern part
  • 1669 3 ships under the command of Sir Anthony
    Ashley-Cooper sailed to Barbados to collect sugar
    farmers
  • In 1670 Charleston was founded
  • Many settlers in the Carolinas were squatters
    people who owned no land
  • They were rough and rugged and defied authority
  • Because of their immunity to malaria, slaves were
    hired to work the fields

33
  • Fundamental Constitution of Carolina was written
    by Ashley-Cooper and his secretary, John Locke
    offered religious toleration to encourage
    settlers
  • In 1690s rice was introduced and became the
    staple crop
  • In 1691 the northern region was recognized by the
    crown and called North Carolina
  • 1712 the Carolinas separated
  • In 1729 South Carolina became a Royal colony

34
Georgia
  • Philanthropic experiment, founded by James
    Oglethorpe in 1733 the last colony
  • Intended as a buffer between the French in
    Louisiana and Spanish in Florida
  • Was meant as a refuge for English debtors
  • All Christians except Catholics enjoyed
    religious freedom
  • Missionaries, including John Wesley, tried to
    convert the Indians
  • Constant struggles with the Spanish in Florida

35
  • Georgia became a buffer between the Spanish and
    the English colonies
  • In 1738 Oglethorpe fought the Spanish in the King
    Georges War (War of Austrian Succession)
  • Oglethorpe was able to get a victory
  • In 1740 the Spanish attacked Georgia and
    Oglethorpe and his men defeated the Spanish and
    sent them back to Florida

36
Plantation Colonies
  • All used slavery
  • Development of cities was secondary
  • All aspects of life centered on the plantation
  • Tobacco and rice were the main crops
  • All permitted some religious freedom
  • Indians and Spanish were a continual problem
  • More closely associated with Britain

37
Iroquois
  • The Iroquois lived in New York State and included
    the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Deganawidah, and
    Hiawatha
  • They fought other Indian groups before the Dutch,
    French, and English
  • They allied with the French or British depending
    on the best deal

38
Puritans and Indians
  • Initially the Indians tried to befriend the
    settlers
  • Squanto, a Wampanoag, helped keep the peace
  • In 1637 after mounting tension the Pequot War
    started
  • The settlers annihilated the Pequot and
    established almost 40 years of peace
  • In 1675 Metacom (called King Philip by the
    English) united the Indians in an attempt to
    remove the settlers he failed
  • 100 years after Columbus, 90 of the Indians that
    came into contact with Europeans died

39
Colonial Society in the 17th Century
Part 2
40
Life in the colonies
  • Life in all the colonies was hard dictated by
    religion, economics, and/or geography
  • Most migrants were indentured servants
  • As the number of planters increased so profits
    decreased causing conflict between large
    plantation owners and small farmers
  • Poor whites lost the economic opportunity, much
    like the slaves

41
Bacons Rebellion
  • Gov. William Berkeley gave tax-free land grants
    to himself and his friends
  • The corrupt House of Burgesses voted to exclude
    landless freemen from voting
  • The poor yeoman wanted the Indians removed from
    the frontier to make more land available
  • Wealthy farmers wanted to limit the amount of
    land available and trade for furs
  • The yeomen formed a militia and began killing
    Indians
  • Berkeley did not want the fur trade disrupted so
    he agreed to build forts along the frontier

42
  • Nathaniel Bacon, a member of the governing
    council, protested and killed some peaceful
    Indians Berkeley arrested Bacon
  • Bacons men threatened to release him by force
  • Berkeley agreed to political reforms to keep the
    peace and restored the vote to the landless
    freemen
  • Bacons men still burned Jamestown and issued a
    Manifesto and Declaration of the People and an
    end to rule by the wealthy
  • Although bacon died in 1676 the rebellion
    resulted in lower taxes and an expansion into
    Indian land
  • Virginia and Maryland stopped accepting
    indentured servants and focused instead on slaves

43
  • 90 of the colonists involved in agriculture
  • Tobacco was the staple crop of Maryland and
    Virginia
  • Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York, New Jersey
    produced grain
  • New England focused on ship building and fishing
  • 1730s the economy was collapsing because of
    British control
  • When the colonists looked for other markets the
    British cracked down
  • The colonists resorted to smuggling

44
Slavery
  • 75 of English immigrants were indentured
    servants
  • 40 died before the seven years ended
  • By the end of the 1600s the supply of indentured
    servants was running low, forcing southern
    farmers to resort to slave labor
  • The first Africans were treated even worse than
    indentured servants, but they were not legally
    enslaved and through hard work some did achieve
    relative success
  • By 1660 slavery was a hereditary and permanent
    position

45
  • The land was taken from the Indians, the workers
    came from Africa, the capital came from Europe
  • Sophisticated slave-catching systems were
    implemented in Africa to keep the colonies
    supplied
  • Sugar became the most profitable crop, but with
    the Navigation Acts sugar and tobacco was
    re-exported and accounted for over half of
    Britains exports
  • Slave who survived the Middle Passage were worked
    to death in the sugar fields

46
Plantations
  • The land and climate in the South led to the
    plantation system
  • Huge plantations grew rice, tobacco, and indigo
  • The plantation owners became the wealthy
    aristocracy and dominated the political and
    social life of the South
  • The plantations needed a plentiful supply of
    labor
  • By 1750 over 200,000 slaves worked on plantations

47
Mercantilism
  • Economic policy to protect the Mother country
  • Colonies provide a market and raw materials
  • 1660s Navigation Acts a) all colonial imports
    and exports must be on English shipsb) certain
    items could only be shipped through British ports
  • In 1675 Charles II created the Lords of Trade to
    enforce the mercantilism, but they became
    colonial administrators

48
  • 1699 Wool Act forbade the export of wool from
    the colonies
  • 1732 Hat Act prohibited exportation of hats
    from one colony to another
  • 1733 Molasses Act taxed molasses which was
    needed for rum
  • 1679 Lords of Trade deny Massachusetts the right
    to add new Hampshire, and make NH a separate
    colony
  • In 1684 the Massachusetts charter was revoked by
    the Lords of Trade

49
Society
  • Puritans believed the world was full of evil and
    danger very superstitious
  • Between 1647-62 Massachusetts and Connecticut
    hanged 14 people for witchcraft
  • In 1692 at Salem175 people were arrested , 20
    women were hanged
  • After the trials people began to look at religion
    in a different light there were no more witch
    trials after 1692
  • Enlightenment philosophy emphasized reason

50
People
  • Puritans encouraged self-government with all
    landowners having a voice
  • This was far more democratic than in England
  • They believed in a social and economic hierarchy
    the largest plots of land when to the families
    with high social status
  • A society of yeoman farmers emerged
  • Town meeting decided town policy

51
Religion
  • The Enlightenment caused people to think
    differently about religion
  • Some including Franklin turned to Deism
  • Less wealthy colonists turned to Pietism, which
    emphasized pious behavior and religious emotion
  • Starting in 1739 George Whitefield ( a follower
    of John Wesley) began a new style of preaching
    known as the Great Awakening
  • Hundreds felt the New Light of God and became
    followers of Whitefield

52
  • Old Lights the conservatives, criticized the
    emotion of the New Lights
  • Thus the Great Awakening undermined the authority
    of the church and ministers
  • As a result of the Great Awakening colleges
    opened to prepare ministers for preaching
    Princeton, Columbia, and Brown

53
Indians
  • Puritans believed they were acting in the name of
    God, so the land was really theirs
  • In 1636 the Pequot attacked the English who had
    intruded on their land
  • The English allied with other Indians and killed
    over 500 Pequot
  • Puritans saw the Indians as savages
  • Disease and violence subdued the Indians in New
    England

54
  • In 1675 Indians had killed an Indian missionary
    and 3 Indians were captured put on trial and
    executed at Plymouth
  • Metacom (King Philip to the English) allied with
    some other tribes against the English but it was
    to late
  • Land-hungry settlers started a war against the
    Indians
  • Both sides resorted to unimagined violence
    resulting in hundreds of deaths
  • Eventually, of course, the Indians lost and
    lost everything

55
Colonial Unity
  • In 1643 four colonies created the New England
    Confederation (almost totally Puritan)
  • The colonies became semiautonomous entities
  • When Charles II was restored in 1660 he was
    shocked how little power he had in the colonies

56
Opposition Grows
  • In 1686 the Dominion of New England (CT, RI, MB,
    PL) was created to bolster defenses against the
    Indians. 1688 NY and NJ added
  • Androsa) prohibits town meetingsb) restricts
    courtsc) taxed people without their consentd)
    revoked land titles
  • All of this happened while the Glorious
    Revolution (1688) was taking place in England
  • British monarch loses power Parliament accepts
    John Lockes Two Treatises on Government
  • Rebellions start in the colonies

57
  • The Dominion of New England collapsed
  • Andros escaped to England
  • In 1691 Massachusetts gets a new charter allowing
    all male land owners to vote and religious
    freedom
  • Salutary neglect allowed businessmen free reign
    to develop the colonies as a source of trade

58
European Conflicts
  • For most of the 1700s Britain and France fought
    for control of western Europe and other parts of
    the world
  • 1702-1713 War of Spanish Succession (Queen Annes
    War)
  • British armed the Creek Indians to protect
    Georgia from the French and Spanish
  • The French armed the Mohawks in New England and
    attacked frontier settlers
  • Iroquois refused to take sides
  • 1713 Treaty of Utrecht solidifies British control

59
  • Britain gained Arcadia, (later renamed Nova
    Scotia,) Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay. The
    British now sandwiched the French possessions in
    Louisiana.
  • In 1739 a small conflict broke out between the
    British and the Spanish in the Caribbean. An
    English sea captain had his ear cut off by a
    Spanish captain - British government was
    infuriated. The War of Jenkins Ear, later
    became part of the much larger War of Austrian
    Succession (King Georges War in America.)
  • France allied with Spain against the British and
    regained its lost North American possessions.

60
  • Some New Englanders invaded New France and
    captured the French fortress at Louisbourg. 
  • The peace treaty signed in 1748 handed the fort
    back to the French and outraged the New
    Englanders who felt betrayed by the British
    government.
  • The New Englanders still considered the French
    their greatest threat.
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