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AKS 34 The Islamic World

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Title: AKS 34 The Islamic World


1
AKS 34The Islamic World
  • Chapter 10
  • Pages 263-279

2
34a explain the origins of Islam, the basic
tenants, and the growth of the Islamic Empire
  • WARM-UP

3
Origins of Islam
  • Bedouins
  • Arab nomads
  • Ideals of courage, loyalty to family, and warrior
    skills became an important part of the Islamic
    way of life

4
Origins of Islam
  • Muhammads Early Life
  • Orphaned at age 6
  • Raised by his grandfather and uncle
  • Received very little schooling
  • Began working in caravan trade as a young man
  • Became the trader and business manager for
    Khadijah, whom he later married

5
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6
Origins of Islam
  • Muhammads Revelations
  • Muhammad was meditating in a cave outside Mecca
    when he heard a voice who told Muhammad he was a
    messenger of Allah
  • He believed the voice was that of the angel
    Gabriel
  • He came to believe that he was the last of the
    prophets and began to teach that Allah was the
    one and only God and all others must be abandoned
  • Islam submission to the will of Allah
  • Muslim one who has submitted

7
Origins of Islam
  • Ideas Rejected in Mecca
  • Meccans feared that the traditional Arab gods
    would be neglected and Mecca would no longer be a
    center for pilgrims
  • Mecca had become a religious destination because
    that was where the Kaaba was located
  • The Kaaba was associated with Abraham, a Hebrew
    prophet and believer in one God
  • Over the years, they had introduced the worship
    of many gods and spirits it contained over 360
    idols

8
Origins of Islam
  • The Hijrah
  • Muhammad decided to leave Mecca in 622 after some
    of his followers were attacked
  • He moved to Yathrib (later called Medina), 200
    miles north of Mecca
  • This migration is known as the Hijrah, or
    flight
  • Turning Point because
  • Attracted many devoted followers
  • Became a popular religious leader
  • Became a political leader who united Arabs,
    Muslims, Jews
  • Became a military leader in the hostilities
    between Mecca and Medina

9
Origins of Islam
  • Muhammads Return to Mecca
  • 630 Muhammad 10,000 of his followers marched
    to Mecca
  • Meccas leaders surrendered without a fight
  • Muhammad destroyed the idols in the Kaaba and
    had the call to prayer made from its roof
  • Most Meccans pledged their loyalty to Muhammad
    and converted to Islam
  • Mecca became a base from which to work toward
    unifying the Arabian Peninsula under Islam

10
Basic Tenants of Islam
  • There is only one god, Allah
  • Each person is responsible for his or her own
    actions

11
Basic Tenants of Islam
  • Five Pillars of Islam
  • Faith
  • Prayer
  • Alms
  • Fasting
  • Pilgrimage
  • Muslims do not separate their personal life from
    their religious life. Carrying out the Five
    Pillars of Islam and other customs ensures that
    Muslims live their religion while serving in
    their communities

12
Basic Tenants of Islam
  • Faith
  • To become a Muslim, a person has to testify to
    the following statement of faith There is no
    God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of
    Allah. This simple statement is heard again and
    again in Islamic rituals and in Muslim daily life

13
Basic Tenants of Islam
  • Prayer
  • Five times a day, Muslims face toward Mecca to
    pray. They may assemble at a mosque (Islamic
    house of worship) or wherever they find
    themselves

14
Basic Tenants of Islam
  • Alms
  • Muhammad taught that all Muslims have a
    responsibility to support the less fortunate.
    Muslims meet that social responsibility by giving
    alms, or money for the poor, through a special
    religious tax

15
Basic Tenants of Islam
  • Fasting
  • During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan, Muslims
    fast between dawn and sunset. A simple meal is
    eaten at the end of the day. Fasting serves to
    remind Muslims that their spiritual needs are
    greater than their physical needs

16
Basic Tenants of Islam
  • Pilgrimage
  • All Muslims who are physically and financially
    able perform the hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, at
    least once in their lifetime. Pilgrims wear
    identical garments so that all stand as equals
    before Allah
  • Hajj to Mecca encouraged trade and promoted faith
    throughout the Islamic Empire

17
Basic Tenants of Islam
  • Sources of Authority
  • Original source of authority is Allah
  • Islam has a scholar class called the ulama
  • The Quran is the holy book of Muslims
  • The best model for proper living is the Sunna, or
    Muhammads example
  • Guidance of Sunna and Quran was assembled into a
    body of law called sharia
  • System of law regulates the family life, moral
    conduct, and business community life of Muslims

18
Islamic Empire Expands
  • Muhammads Death
  • Died in 632
  • Abu-Bakr, a loyal friend, became the first
    caliph, or successor
  • Spread Islam by waging jihad against nonbelievers
  • Jihad has two meanings
  • Means striving and refers to inner struggle
    against evil
  • Means holy war against those who do not believe

19
Islamic Empire Expands
  • The Rightly Guided Caliphs
  • Used the Quran and Muhammads actions as guides
    to their leadership
  • Mobilized highly disciplined armies that
    conquered Arabia, parts of the Byzantine Empire,
    and parts of the Sassanid Empire

20
Islamic Empire Expands
  • Reasons Why Expansion Was Successful
  • Muslims were willing to fight to extend and
    defend Islam
  • Armies were well disciplined and expertly
    commanded
  • Byzantine and Sassanid empires were weak
  • People who had suffered from religious
    persecution welcomed the more tolerant invaders

From 632 to 750, highly mobile troops mounted on
camels were successful in conquering lands in the
name of Allah
21
Islamic Empire Expands
  • Ali, Muhammads cousin and son-in-law, was
    assassinated
  • This ended the elective system of choosing a
    caliph
  • The Umayyads
  • Moved the Muslim capital to Damascus
  • Abandoned the simple life of previous caliphs
  • Surrounded themselves with wealth and ceremony
  • Collapsed due to religious political opposition

22
Islamic Empire Expands
  • The Abbasids
  • Took power because they were the most powerful of
    the rebel groups that opposed the Umayyads
  • Moved the capital to a newly created city,
    Baghdad
  • Developed strong bureaucracy to conduct the
    affairs of the huge empire
  • Created a system of taxation
  • Established strong trade network
  • Failed to keep complete political control over
    their immense empire, and so they eventually fell

23
34b identify the Muslim trade routes to India,
China, Europe, and Africa and assess the economic
impact of this trade
  • WARM-UP

24
Muslim Trade Network
  • Trade flourished during the reign of the Abbasids
  • Two major sea-trading networks
  • Mediterranean Sea
  • Indian Ocean
  • Land networks
  • Silk Roads
  • Arabian Peninsula

25
Muslim Trade Network
  • Trade Encouraged By
  • Muslim money changers who set up banks in cities
    throughout the empire
  • Banks offered sakks, or credit, to merchants that
    could be exchanged for cash throughout the empire
  • In Europe, sakk was pronounced check, so using
    checks dates back to the Muslim Empire
  • Silk Roads Arabian Peninsula
  • Connected Muslims world to China, India, Europe,
    and Africa
  • Arabian Peninsula
  • Connected Indian Ocean trade routes to
    Mediterranean Sea
  • Muslim merchants needed only to speak Arabic
    (unifying force of Islamic Empire) and the
    Abbasid dinar as a currency to travel
  • No one person traveled the entire length of the
    Silk Road middlemen would buy goods in one
    region and sell them in another

26
34c explain the reasons for the split between
Sunni and Shi'a Muslims
  • WARM-UP

27
The Conflict
  • 656
  • Uthman, the third caliph, was murdered
  • There was disagreement over who should succeed
    Muhammad
  • Ali was the natural choice as a successor, but
    his right to rule was challenged by Muawiya, a
    governor of Syria
  • Ali was assassinated
  • Umayyad family filled the power vacuum

28
The Split
  • Majority of Muslims accepted Umayyad rule in the
    interest of peace they became Sunni, meaning
    followers of Muhammads example
  • Some continued to resist they became Shia
  • The Shia said that the caliph needed to be a
    descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. Shia means
    party of Ali.
  • Another group, the Sufi, rejected the luxurious
    lifestyle of the Umayyads and pursued a life of
    poverty and devotion to a spiritual path.

29
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30
34d identify the contributions of Islamic
scholars in culture, innovations, and the
preservation of Classical knowledge to include
medicine (Ibn Sina) and geography (Ibn Battuta)
  • WARM-UP

31
Muslim Cities
  • Cities symbolized the strength of the caliphate.
  • Baghdad was the capital of the Abbasid empire.
  • Baghdads city plan included circular design and
    protective walls

32
Social Classes
  • Four Social Classes
  • The upper class was Muslims by birth
  • The second class included converts to Islam
  • The third class included Christians, Jews, and
    Zoroastrians
  • The lowest class was made up of slaves
  • These social classes do not exist anymore

33
Role of Women
  • According to the Quran, men and women are equal
    as believers
  • Muslim women were expected to submit to men
  • Muslim women were expected to be veiled when out
    in public

34
Muslim Literature
  • The Quran is the standard for all Arabic
    literature and poetry
  • Literary tastes also included poems about nature
    and the pleasures of life and love
  • Bedouin poets composed poems on bravery, love,
    and generosity.

35
Muslim Art
  • Calligraphy
  • The art of beautiful handwriting
  • Allowed artists who could not portray living
    beings to express themselves

36
Muslim Architecture
  • Lots of cultural blending
  • Mix between Muslim and Byzantine ideas, some
    Roman ideas mixed in there
  • Mostly seen in mosques

37
Muslim Medicine
  • al-Razi
  • Considered greatest physician of Muslim world by
    Europeans
  • Wrote an encyclopedia and wrote the Treatise on
    Smallpox and Measles
  • Ibn Sina
  • Wrote Canon of Medicine, a standard medical
    textbook used in Europe until the 17th century

38
Muslim Math and Science
  • New Ideas
  • Reliance on scientific observation
    experimentation
  • Ability to find mathematical solutions to old
    problems
  • Science
  • Muslim scientists preferred to solve problems by
    conducting experiments in laboratory settings
  • Math
  • Al-Khwarizmi
  • Mathematician who wrote a textbook explaining
    the art of bringing together unknowns to match a
    known quantity
  • This was called al-jabr today called algebra

39
Muslim Geography
  • Ibn Battuta
  • Traveler and historian
  • Visited most of the countries in the Islamic
    world, including cities like Timbuktu and other
    cities in Mali
  • He learned he could travel without fear of crime
    and praised people for their study of the Quran,
    but criticized them for not strictly practicing
    Islams moral code

40
Muslim Philosophy
  • Scholars translated works of Greek philosophers
    into Arabic
  • Ibn Rushd
  • Tried to blend Greek views with those of Islam

41
34e describe the impact of the Crusades on both
the Islamic World and Europe
  • WARM-UP

42
The Crusades
  • Cause
  • 1093
  • Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comnenus sent an appeal
    to Robert, Count of Flanders asking for help
    against the Muslim Turks threatening to conquer
    his capital, Constantinople
  • Pope Urban II also read the letter and issued a
    call for a holy war, or a Crusade to gain
    control of the Holy Land

43
The Crusades
  • Goals
  • Stop Muslim aggression regain Holy Land
  • Pope wanted to reclaim Palestine reunite
    Christendom (the Schism in 1054)
  • Crusades would unite Europe in a common cause
  • Get rid of quarrelsome knights who were fighting
    each other
  • Younger sons wanted land, adventure, and riches

44
The Crusades
  • First Crusade (1096)
  • Reasons
  • Gods will
  • Tax relief
  • Riches in Palestine
  • Result
  • Conquered Jerusalem in 1099
  • Slaughtered Muslims Jews

45
The Crusades
  • Second Crusade (1144)
  • Reasons
  • Same as First Crusade
  • Result
  • Muslim Turks re-take part of the Holy Land
  • 1187 Saladin recaptures Jerusalem

46
The Crusades
  • Third Crusade (1189)
  • Reason
  • Recapture Jerusalem
  • Result
  • Richard the Lion-Hearted and Saladin fought many
    battles
  • Agreed to a truce in 1192

47
The Crusades
  • Fourth Crusade
  • Reasons
  • Recapture Jerusalem (what else??)
  • Result
  • Knights did not even reach the Holy Land and
    instead ended up looting Constantinople

48
The Crusades
  • Fifth Eighth Crusades
  • All to recapture Jerusalem, all failed

49
The Crusades
  • Childrens Crusade (1212)
  • 30,000 children under the age of 18 set out to
    conquer Jerusalem
  • Most died of cold or starvation on the trip there
  • The rest drowned at sea or were sold into slavery
  • This illustrates the power the Church had because
    people believed in the teaching so much that they
    allowed their children to embark on a dangerous
    journey

50
The Crusades
  • Spanish Crusade
  • Reconquista
  • Long effort by the Spanish to drive out the
    Muslims in Spain (called Moors) were eventually
    successful

51
The Crusades
  • Spanish Crusade
  • Spanish Inquisition
  • Under the direction of Ferdinand and Isabella
  • Goal was to unify Spanish Christians and suppress
    heresy
  • Many Jews Muslims converted during the late
    1400s
  • Person suspected of heresy might be questioned
    for weeks and even tortured. Once they confessed,
    they were often burned at the stake.

Next slide has pictures of some torture methods
used
52
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53
The Crusades
  • Effects of the Crusades
  • Social
  • Women could manage affairs on the estates or
    operate shops and inns (because they were the
    ones left at home)
  • Led to the growth of trade, towns, and
    universities in medieval Europe benefits both
    Christians and Muslims
  • Economic
  • Merchants who lived in Crusader states expanded
    trade between Europe and SW Asia
  • Political
  • Failure of later crusades lessened the power of
    the Pope
  • Weakened feudal nobility
  • Increased power of the kings
  • Fall of Constantinople weakened the Byzantine
    Empire

54
The Crusades
  • Impact on the Islamic World
  • Intolerance and prejudice displayed by Christians
    in the Holy Land left behind a legacy of
    bitterness and hatred that continues to the
    present

55
34f analyze the impact of the expansion of the
Mongol Empire to include the stabilization of
trading networks from China to the Mediterranean
world and the decline of the Islamic Empires
  • SEE
  • AKS
  • 33g

56
34g analyze the relationship between Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam
  • WARM-UP

57
Links Between Religions
  • To Muslims, Allah is the same God worshiped in
    Christianity Judaism
  • Muslims view Jesus as a prophet, not the Son of
    God
  • Quran is the word of Allah as revealed to
    Muhammad in the same way the Torah and Gospels
    were revealed to Moses and the New Testament
    writers
  • Believe Quran perfects earlier revelations, it
    is the final book, and Muhammad is the final
    prophet

58
Links Between Religions
  • All three believe in heaven, hell, and a day of
    judgment
  • Jews do not place as much emphasis on hell
  • All trace their ancestry to Abraham
  • Muslims refer to Christians and Jews as people
    of the book
  • Sharia law requires Muslim leaders to extend
    religious tolerance to Christians Jews
  • Ten Commandments can be found in Judaism,
    Christianity, and Islam as a code for behavior
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