?????????? Nitrogen - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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?????????? Nitrogen

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Nitrogen Nitrogen ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: ?????????? Nitrogen


1
?????????? Nitrogen
2
  • ?????????? Nitrogen
  • ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????
    ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????
    ????? ? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????
    ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????
    ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? .
  • ?????????? ?? ????? Nitrogen in Soil
  • ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????
    ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??
    ?????? ????? ( ?? ???? ?????????? ????? 79 ??
    ??? ?????? ????? ) ?? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ???????
    ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ??? ?????? ????????
    ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? N2
    ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????????
    ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????
    ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??
    ???? ??? ?????? ? ??? ???? ?????????? ??????
    ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????
    ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ????????
    ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????
    ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? NH3 ?? NO3.
  • ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????????
    ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ????
    ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????
    ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????

3
Nitrogen forms in soils
  • ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??????
  • ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????
    ??????? ?????? ?????????.
  • ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????
    ???????? .
  • ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????
    ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ??? ??????
    ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????
    ?????????? . ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????
    ??? 5 ???????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??
    ?????? ??????? 3 ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????
    ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????
    ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ( ??
    ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? 3 5 100
    15, ) ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????
    ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????
    ??????? ???????? .

4
  • ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????
    ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???
  • 1- ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ( ??????? ) ?????
    ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??
    ???? ?????????? ??????? .
  • 2- ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????
    ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????
    ???????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??
    ?????? ???????. ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???
    ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ???
    ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ? ???? ??
    ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????
    ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????
    ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ???????
    ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????
    ??????? ? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????
    ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????
    ????????? .

5
  • 3- ???? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ( ?????? )
    ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? (??????
    ???????) ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??
    ??????? ??? ?????? ????? . ??? ???? ???? ????
    ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????
    ???? ?? ??????? ?????? .
  • 4- ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????
    ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????
    ??????? (???????) ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??????
    ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? .
  • ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????
    ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????
    ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? .
  • ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??
    ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????
    ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? .

6
???? ?????????? Soil Nitrogen Cycle
  • ?????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???
    ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????
    ???
  • 1- ????? ?????????? ????? Nitrogen fixation.
  • 2- ????? ?????????? ?????? Nitrogen
    mineralization ?????? ???????? Ammonification.
    ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??
    ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? .
  • 3- ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????
    ?????? Nitrification . ?????? ????????? ??? ?????
    ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????
    ????? ??????? ??????.
  • 4- ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????
    ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????
    Immobilization . ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???
    ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ????
    ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????
    ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????????
    ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????????.
  • 5- ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ???
    ????? ????? ??? ??????Denitrification
  • ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????
    ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????.

7
????? ?????????? ????? Nitrogen Fixation
  • ????? ?????????? ????? Nitrogen Fixation
  • ??? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????
    ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ? ?????
    ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???
    ?????????? ????? ??
  • 1- ????? ??? ?????????? ?????
  • - ????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???????
    ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????
    ??? ?????????? ? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??
    ????? . ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???
    ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????
    ?????? ???????? . ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???
    ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????.
  • - ????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? Haber -
    Bosch reaction ??? ?????? ?????????? ????? N2 ?
    ?? ?????????? H2 ? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????
    ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????
  • N2 H2? 2NH3
  • ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ???????
    ???????????? . ???? ??????? ??? ?? ????
    ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????? (???????
    ???????? ) ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????
    ????????? .

8
  • 2- ??????? ?????? (??? ????????) ??????????
    Biological Nitrogen Fixation
  • ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????
    ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? (500??) ???? ???
    ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
    ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? Haber - Bosch reaction.
    ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????
    ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ???????
    ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???
    ?????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? "???
    ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????"
  • ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????
    ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ????
    ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? .
    ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????
    ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????
    ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? NH3 ??? ??????
    ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????
    ??? ???? ???? . ???? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???????
    ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??
    ????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????
    ????? ??? ???????? ???? . ?????? ??? ??????? ???
    ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ??????????

9
  • ????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???
  • 1- ??????? ???????? ?????????? Symbiotic N2
    Fixation
  • ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????
    ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? Symbiosis ?? ???????
    ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????.
    ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??
    ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????
  • - ??????? ?? ??? Rhizobium sp ? ???? ????
    ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? Legume?
    ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????
    ???????? . ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????
    ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????
    ?????????? ?????.
  • - ??????? ????? ??? Actenomycete ????? ???? ??
    ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????? Casuarina
    ??????Alder. .
  • - ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? blue-green
    algae ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???
    ???????? Lichens), Fungi ) ? ??? ???? ???????
    ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????
    ?????? ?? ????.

10
  • ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????
    ????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???
    ??????? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??
    ?????????? . ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????
    ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????????
    . ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????
    ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????????
    ???????? ??? ?????? . ???? ??? ????? ??? ????
    ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????????
    ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? . ??? ??????
    ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???
    ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????
    ?????? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????
    ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????
    ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??
    ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??
    ??????? ??? ?????? . ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????
    ????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???
    ????? ?? ???? ????????? ? ???????? ???? ???????
    ??? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????

11
2- ??????? ??? ???????? ????????? Non symbiotic
N- Fixation
  • ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????
    ??( ??? ??????? )
  • Free- living organisms ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????
    ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ???
    ????? ???? ? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ???
    ???????? . ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????
    ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ????
    ??????? ? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???????
    ????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????
    ??????? ? ??? ??? ????????
  • 1- ????????? ???????? ?? ??? Azotobacter Sp
    ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????
    ???????? ??? pH??? ??6 .
  • 2- ????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? Clostridium sp
    ??? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
    ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? pH ??? ?? 6
    .
  • 3- ??????? ??????? ??????? Blue-green algae ??
    ????? Nostoc Anabaena Gloecapsa ? ????? ??? ????
    ????? ????? ????? .

12
  • ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????
    ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?????
    ?????? ????????? ?????????.
  • ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????????
    ?????? ?????
  • 1- ??? ??? pH ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????
    ??? pH ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ???????
    ????????? ????? ??????? .
  • 2- ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ???????
    ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????.
  • .
  • 3- ????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????
    ?????? ?? ????? P , Ca ?? ???? ????? .
  • 4- ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???
    ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????
    ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???????.
  • 5- ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????
    ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ? ???
    ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ??????
    ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????????????
    ???? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? .
  • ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????
    ?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??
    ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????
    ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????
    ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????.
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