The Second Industrial Revolution Inventions and Innovations that changed the world!

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The Second Industrial RevolutionInventions and
Innovations that changed the world!
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Industrial Innovations

• The Second Industrial Revolution (1865-1900) was
  ignited through numerous discoveries and
  inventions. The original industrial revolution
  was ignited by the discovery of coal and steam
  engine. Coal-feed steam engines powered factories
  and the factories produced the goods that
  generated economic growth.

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Steel Industry

• The second revolution was spurred by the
  development of stell. Steel was used to
  construct
• heavy machinery
• railroad tracks
• bridges
• tall city buildings (skyscrapers)

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STEEL

• Steel could be produced as early as the
  mid-1800s, but the process was so expensive that
  it was not practical. This changed in 1859 when
  two gentlemen (one from Great Britain and one
  from the U. S.) developed a process (called the
  Bessemer Process) that used a blast of hot air to
  burn off impurities.
• Those men were William Kelley (U. S.) and Henry
  Bessemer (G. B.). More steel was produced in a
  day than the old process could produce in a week.
  An American engineer named William Holley adapted
  the Bessemer process and improved it. Steel
  production went from production of 15,000 tons in
  1865 to more than 28 million by 1900.

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Advantages (Bessemer Process)

• allowed for the developments of industrial cities
  such as Gary, Indiana Cleveland, Ohio and
  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania and West
  Virginia provided most of the coal that fueled
  steel production.
• allowed the railroad industry to replace their
  old iron rails with stronger steel rails that
  lasted much longer.
• builders began to use steel to build buildings
  and bridges. Buildings could be built higher and
  bridges built longer due to the stronger
  substance.
• steels resistance to rust made it ideal for used
  in wire and nails.

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OIL Industry

• Petroleum had been used early on by Native
  Americans for medicinal purposes and to grease
  wagons and tools.
• By the late 1850s, a process for refining crude
  oil into kerosene had been perfected and this
  could be used to burn in lamps or used as a fuel.
  It was a cheap substitute for whale oil (which
  was hard to acquire).

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Oil Refining

• Demand for crude oil became great and a man named
  Edwin Drake used steam engines to drill for oil
  near Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1859 and his
  efforts proved successful. It was called Drakes
  Folly early on because it seemed so impractical
  to drill for oil. Once the well started producing
  about 20 barrels a day, those skeptics hurried to
  dig their own wells and the scene mirrored the
  Gold Rush of 1849. The crude oil was called
  Black Gold. By 1880, 25 million barrels was
  produced by Pennsylvania alone. Ohio and West
  Virginia also had oil wells dotting their
  countryside.

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Oil Products

• kerosene
• waxes
• lubricating oils

Waxes
Lubricating Oils
Kerosene
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Elijah McCoy

• A son of runaway salves (Elijah McCoy) developed
  a lubricating cup that fed oil to parts of a
  machine while it was running. He received a
  patent to sell the invention and it helped many
  kinds of machines to operate more smoothly and
  efficiently.

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Transportation(Second Industrial Revolution)
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Railroads

• When the price of steel was reduced from about
  100 dollars to about 12 dollars a ton by 1873,
  railroad companies made the decision to lay
  thousands of miles of new track that would be
  much stronger and efficient.

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Railroads

• Early on, rail lines were not long. An individual
  line would not extend further than 100 miles long
  and served local transportation needs. You didnt
  have any large railroad corporations. In order to
  get from New York to Chicago in 1860, you would
  change lines 17 times over 2 days. By 1870, you
  could make the trip in a day with no changes.

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Railroads Growth

• The first transcontinental railroad was completed
  in 1869 when the Central Pacific and the Union
  Pacific were joined to create a line that ran
  from Omaha, Nebraska to the Pacific Ocean. Leland
  Stanford ( a railroad tycoon) drove the final
  spike at Promontory Point, Utah in 1869. By 1900,
  there were numerous trunk lines that ran from the
  Great Plains to the Pacific Ocean.

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Railroads Inventions

• Railroad locomotives improved and made the trips
  quicker. A man named George Westinghouse
  developed an air brake that increased railroad
  safety by allowing the locomotive and all the
  cars to stop at the same time. Granville Woods
  came up with a communication system between
  trains and improved the air brake. Track improved
  when two sets of tracks were laid in order for
  trains to travel in both direction without
  problem. Also, a standard gauge was adopted so
  that trains would be more efficient and transfers
  didnt have to take place so often.

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Consequences of travel by railroad

• small towns and communities linked to large
  population centers
• increase in western settlement
• urban growth increased
• many jobs were produced
• other industries thrive (need for locomotives,
  rails and rail cars)
• refrigerated cars developed for transferring
  perishable foods.
• products can sold on a national level
• a national standard time system developed in
  order for railroads to run on schedule.

Rail Schedule
Casey Jones
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Horseless Carriages

• A French military officer named Nicholas-Joseph
  Cugnot developed the original automobile. It was
  steam powered and inefficient. Nicholas A. Otto
  developed the first gasoline fueled internal
  combustion engine in 1876 and the first
  practical car built in the United States was in
  1893 by Charles and J. Frank Duryea. Americans
  first used cars in their everyday lives in the
  early 1900s, but they were so expensive that
  only the wealthy could afford them. It did
  establish a new industry, though, that would
  promised to grow in the future.

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Airplanes

• Orville and Wilbur Wright conducted the first
  successful test of an airplane on December 17th
  of 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. It lasted
  only 12 seconds but proved that flight was
  possible and sent the message that a new industry
  was possible.

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COMMUNICATIONS
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Telegraph

• Samuel F. B. Morses 1837 invention that allowed
  for communication over wires with electricity led
  to the development of a company called Western
  Union. By 1866, the company had 2,000 telegraph
  offices that sent messages using Morse code
  which was a dot and dash code that allowed
  communication over long distances.

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Telephone

• In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell successfully
  demonstrated the telephone at the Philadelphia
  Centennial Exposition. By the end of the century,
  over one million has been installed in offices
  and homes. Early phones required operators to
  connect persons and a new job industry was formed
  which hired women.

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Typewriter

• Christopher Sholes developed the typewriter in
  1867. It allowed for documents to be produced
  that were easily legible, He sold the patent to
  E. Remington Sons. His first keyboard is
  essentially what is still used today on our
  compute keyboards. Carbon paper was used to
  produce the first copies of documents. The
  typewriting proved to be another job opportunity
  for women.

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Edison and Menlo Park

• Arguably the greatest inventor of all time was
  Thomas Alva Edison.

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Major Edison inventions

• a telegraph that could send four messages at once
  over the same line.
• the electric light bulb
• the phonograph
• the motion picture machine
• the electric vote recorder
• the telegraphic stock ticker
• opened the first electric power plant

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Thomas Edison

• Opened an invention business full time in Menlo
  Park , New Jersey in 1876.
• When he died in 1931, he had patented over 1,000
  inventions.

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Westinghouse and Tesla
Tesla
Westinghouse
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Westinghouse and Tesla

• George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla developed AC
  (alternating current) electrical current. It was
  more efficient than Edisons early patent. This
  AC power allowed for cities to be lighted at
  night with electricity rather than gaslights and
  to provide transportation through electric
  streetcars rather than horse-drawn carriages.

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Guided Practice - Group

• Choose 4 inventions/innovations from the Gilded
  Age that your group think have had the biggest
  impacts on the U.S. economy and society over
  time, and create an advertisement product (e.g.,
  a flyer, handbill, brochure, radio or video
  commercial) to promote them. It must have
• both textual and visual information
• explanation of functions, significances and
  impacts.