Protecting the Box

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Protecting the Box

• Creating and Conserving Energy for
• Big Box Buildings
• and Stadiums with Roofs
• By Rey Arnaldo Phillips Santos
• rphillips_at_kentlaw.edu
• Spring 2004
• Energy Law
• Professor Bosselman
• Chicago-Kent College of Law

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Goals

• Develop techniques of profitable sustainability
• Reduce demand for baseload power plants by
• Increasing amount of power produced during peak
  demand
• Reducing the demand for power

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Audience

• Malls
• Big box stores
• Wal-Mart
• Target
• Circuit City
• Best Buy
• Etc.
• Stadiums

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Why Stadiums?

• High-Profile
• Easy way to communicate to people of all ages
• Innovative Designs
• Good publicity for the teams

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Big Box Stores

• Many of these same ideas can be applied to big
  box stores.
• Target is already famous for giving to schools.
  This would be another connection to schools and
  community.
• A stadium naming tie-in with a solar panel push
  on all stores would be big, positive publicity,
  plus economically and environmentally friendly

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Typical Big Box Stores
of stores Smallest Largest
Wal-Mart 3,559 42,000 220,000
Target 1,107 125,000 175,000
Best Buy 750 20,000 45,000
Circuit City 599 15,000 45,000
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Fun with EstimatesPossible Square Footage of
Flat Roofs in USA
Wal-Mart 533,850,000
Target 166,050,000
Best Buy 22,500,000
Circuit City 17,970,000
Subtotal 740,370,000
Malls 280,000,000
Total 1,020,370,000
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Conventional Flat Roofs

• Subject to large swings in temperatures that
  cause cracking and leaking
• Temperatures can reach 176 degrees Fahrenheit
• Last between 5 and 20 years before replacement
• Avg cost per square foot is 55 to 85

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Urban Heat Island Effect

• The predominance of dark surfaces in urban
  areasfrom roofs, streets, parking lotsresults
  in higher temperatures by as much as 6 to 10
  degrees Fahrenheit.
• About 60 of roofs in Chicago are dark colored.

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Three Roof Types

• Solar Roofs
• Green Roofs
• Reflective Roofs

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Solar Roofs
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Advantages

• Clean power
• Free energy
• Helps shade roofs
• Modular
• Existent roof friendly
• Long-lasting
• May be used for emissions trading

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Advantages

• Gives power when it is needed most
• During peak periods
• Daytime
• Summer
• Result Reduces number of baseload plants
• Helps achieve Illinois renewable energy goal
• Reduces risk of price volatility

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Disadvantage

• Cost
• According to one estimate, cost is 11 cents per
  kWh
• According to another, the system pays itself off
  in 6 years
• Little agreement in industry

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Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic
Opportunity (DCEO)

• Division of Energy Conservation and Alternative
  Energy
• Promotes Energy Efficiency
• Education
• Identification of means of financing
• Bureau of Energy and Recycling
• Alternative Energy Development Section
• Renewable Energy Resources Program
• 20 ILCS 687 Article 6

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Illinois Department of Commerce and Community
Affairs (DCCA)

• Rebate Program
• 6/watt up to 5000
• There used to be other programs, including grants
  up to 300,000, but those have been scrapped.

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Chicago Photovoltaic Incentive Program(a.k.a.
ComEd Solar Electric Incentive Program)

• In 2004, grants rebates of 1000 per kW, for
  systems between 1 and 50 kW
• Must be eligible under the Renewable Energy
  Resources Program
• Must purchase from Spire Solar Chicago
• Must be in Chicago
• Must have a ComEd account

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Mainstay Energy Rewards Program

• Private company which buys Renewable Energy
  Credits from small to medium sized producers of
  renewable energy.
• They pay 2 to 5 cents per kWh
• They then sell these credits
• Efficient because they can gather volume and
  specialize while saving businesses money

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Green Tag
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Fun with EstimatesPossible Square Footage of
Flat Roofs in USA
Wal-Mart 533,850,000
Target 166,050,000
Best Buy 22,500,000
Circuit City 17,970,000
Subtotal 740,370,000
Malls 280,000,000
Total 1,020,370,000
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• A 50 kW unit needs about 5000 to 5500 square feet
  of roof space.
• In Chicago, at a 0 degree angle, it should
  produce about 51,700 kWh per year.
• Applied to the billion square feet of estimated
  roof space, more than 185,000 units could be
  installed.
• Result
  9,564,500 MWh/year

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Savings and Costs

• This would save about 7.6 million tons per year
  of carbon dioxide being released.
• But the cost would not be small. At current
  prices it could come to as much as 93 billion
  dollars.
• Over 30 years, the cost per kWh comes to about
  3.22 cents/kWh.

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Green Roofs

• Chicagos City Hall

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Extensive Green Roofs

• 2-4 inches of soil
• 12 to 40 pounds/sq. ft. of roof area
• Short, drought resistant plants with shallow root
  systems like sedum and hard fescue

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Extensive Green Roof System
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Yellow Sedum
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Hard Fescue
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Intensive Green Roof
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Intensive Green Roof System

• 6-12 inches of soil
• 80 to 150 pounds/sq. ft. of roof area
• Able to host deeper-rooted plants, e.g. shrubs
  and trees
• More maintenance needs, e.g. irrigation and
  pruning

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Advantages

• Conserves energy by moderating temperatures
  within buildings
• Extends roof life
• Reduces noise
• Aesthetics

• Absorbs rainfall
• Reduces runoff
• Filters rainfall
• Plants filter air
• Combats Urban Heat Island Effect

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Disadvantages

• Not possible for all roofs based on architectural
  need
• Some maintenance necessary
• Design and cost is about 50 more expensive than
  a conventional roof, though this is recouped by
  the fact that the roof lasts twice as long.

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Penn State test
Ambient Air 88 F
Plastic-Sheet Roof 140 F
Gravel roof 118 F
Green Roof 82 F
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Reflective Roofs
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Reflective Roof System

• Can reduce roof surface temperatures by 60
  degrees Fahrenheit
• Most basic technique paint the roof with a
  reflective paint
• Many suppliers of coatings and coverings
• Some materials may be recycled, e.g.
  Thermoplastic Polyolefin

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Advantages

• Relatively inexpensivemany cost the same as
  dark-colored roofing materials
• Moderates temperatures
• Extends roof life
• Reduces Urban Heat Island Effect by reducing the
  total area of dark, heat-absorbing surfaces

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Disadvantages

• Short life
• Reflectance reduces over time because of dirt and
  weather damage

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Roofed Stadiums

• Glasgow Ibrox, Scotland
• Seats 57,000
• Renovated in 1997
• Light colored roof reflects the heat
• Roof over all of the stands protects fans from
  the elements

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Roofed Stadiums

• Kingston Communications Stadium, England
• Seats 25,500
• Light colored roof reflects the heat
• Angle can be directed toward the sun for solar
  panels

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Roofed Stadiums
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Conclusions

• Solar
• Most expensive up front cost
• Incentives would help defray
• Competitive over long term
• Reduces risk to price volatility
• Very clean
• More research might improve efficiency of panels

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Conclusions

• Green roofs
• Should be incentives
• Failing incentives, energy efficiency
  requirements in the building code which would
  encourage green roofs
• More research is needed for percentage of savings
• Greatest aid to Urban Heat Island Effect reduction

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Conclusions

• Reflective roofs
• Are so inexpensive that they simply make good
  business sense.
• No incentives should be needed, but like with the
  green roofs, energy efficiency requirements could
  encourage them.