INSE-6311 Sustainable Infrastructure Planning and Management Systems

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INSE-6311 Sustainable Infrastructure Planning and
Management Systems

• Framework of Infrastructure Management

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Covered Topics

• Definition of infrastructure
• Brief history
• Infrastructure management
• Issues, challenges and opportunities
• Role of engineering
• Needs assessment
• Life cycle concepts
• Transportation asset management
• New approaches for infrastructure financing

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What is Infrastructure?

• A civilizations rise and fall is linked to its
  ability to feed and shelter its people and to
  defend itself. These capabilities depend on
  infrastructure - the underlying, often hidden
  foundation of a societys wealth and quality of
  life. A society that neglects its infrastructure
  loses the ability to transport people and food,
  provide clean air and water, control diseases,
  and conduct commerce.
• NSF, Civil Infrastructure Systems Research,
  1994.

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What is Infrastructure? (2)

• The nations infrastructure is its system of
  public facilities, both publicly and privately
  funded, which provide for the delivery of
  essential services and a sustained standard of
  living. This interdependent, yet self-contained,
  set of structures provides for mobility, shelter,
  services, and utilities Americas
  infrastructure is the base upon which society
  rests. Its condition affects our lifestyles and
  security and each is threatened by its unanswered
  decay.
• Associated General Contractors of America, 1982.

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Milestones in (U.S.) History

• Has generally paralleled economic development
• Roads
• Railroads
• Telegraph/ Telephone
• Sewer/Water Supply Systems (1800-1850)
• First federal highway funds (1918)
• Franklin Roosevelt - public works funding (1930)
• Interstate Highway System (1950)

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What is Infra. Mgmt.?

• Administrative process of creating, planning, and
  maintaining our infrastructures
• An integrated, inter-disciplinary process that
  ensures infrastructure performance over its life
  cycle
• Life cycle is entire time from design through
  decommissioning

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Overall Framework for Infra. Mgmt.
Program/Network/ System Level
Database
Project Level
In-Service Monitoring Evaluation
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Program/System Level

• Data (location, performance, evaluation)
• Deficiencies/Needs (current, future)
• Alternatives and Analyses
• Priorities

Financing
Budgets
Policies
Exogenous Factors
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Project/Section Level

• Data (materials, loads, flows, costs, etc.)
• Detailed Design
• Construction
• Maintenance

Standards/ Specifications
Budget Limit
Environmental Constraints
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Ideal Infra. Mgmt. System

• Would coordinate and enable the execution of all
  activities
• Maximizes use and expenditure of resources
• Maximize performance of assets
• Serve all management levels

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Key Issues

• Decay and deterioration (condition, failure)
• Lack of maintenance/renovation
• Scarcity of financing
• Federal govt funds projects of
  national/interstate importance - states left to
  build the rest
• Money tends to be for construction and not
  maintenance
• Lots of infrastructure needs - which ones are 1
  priority?
• Inadequate reporting and accounting

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State of Highways and Bridges (U.S.)

• 235,000 miles of roads rated poor or mediocre
• gt70 of peak-hour travel on urban interstates is
  congested
• 1/3 bridges structurally deficient or obsolete,
  and needs improvements
• gt25 of bridges are more than 50 years old

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State of Water (U.S.)

• 10,000 dams classified as high hazard
• 13,500 as significant hazard
• Compliance costs to meet Safe Water Drinking Act
  3 billion per year
• Will need 3,400 new treatment facilities

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Construction Industry

• 13 of GDP
• Second largest industry in U.S.
• Also most fragmented
• 1 million firms, 10 million workers
• Lots of small firms (subcontractors)
• Lags behind other major industries in terms of
  RD
• High-tech, chemicals, etc. 3-4, construction
  only 0.5

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Financials

• Federal investment on infrastructure stock fell
  from 1.2 of GDP in 1980 to 0.8 in 1993.
• Since majority of infrastructure funding comes
  from U.S. government, this is a big problem
• Concern for spending has reduced this even more

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Risk, Sustainable Development

• Risk and liability concerns generally lead to
  low-risk designs, which rewards stability not
  innovation
• Also challenges related to building with an eye
  towards the resource needs of future generations

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Opportunities

• Need follow-through on National Construction
  Goals
• Innovative financing (e.g. infrastructure bonds)
• Link between infrastructure investment and
  economic productivity
• High-Performance Materials

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How did this happen?

• Construction wins votes, no one cares about
  rehabilitation/repair
• Institutional issues favor construction financing
• Rehabilitation has high total costs in urban
  environments

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Why Does it Matter?
Social System
Economic System
Physical Infrastructure
Natural Environment
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Where Does Engineering Help?

• Systems engineering perspective
• Framing of problem
• Using quantitative tools to solve it
• Tools uncertainty/risk analysis
• Optimization via Linear Programming,
  Probabilistic, etc.
• Both parts are important

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CONTEXT (Tech./Social/Political Environment)
PROBLEM RECOGNITION (Reviews, Preliminary
Assessments)
Periodic In-Service Monitoring Evaluation
PROBLEM DEFINITION (Objectives, Constraints,
Decisions)
GENERATION OF ALTERNATIVES
ANALYSIS/EVALUATION/ OPTIMIZATION
IMPLEMENTATION (Schedules, Activities,
Documentation)
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Tools for Optimization

• Mathematical Programming
• LP (min/max with constraints), etc.
• Heuristics
• Probabilistic
• Graphical (e.g. Scheduling Charts)

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Needs Assessment

• Concept of need used casually
• Can refer to both need for repair as well as
  need for new capacity
• It is difficult to judge how much infrastructure
  a region or a society needs and how need is
  measured
• Economic viability? Growth?
• What is a better approach?

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Approach to Defining Needs

• National Council on Public Works Improvement
  (NCPWI) 1986 - considers
• Consumer Demand
• Recognition that demand changes
• Consumer willingness to pay
• Benefit-cost analysis

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Other Issues on Needs

• Instead of focusing on conditions, establish
  future investment priorities
• Instead of simply finding cost to repair,
  consider cost of alternatives with same effect
• Consider infrastructure output as measure
  instead of condition
• Funding needs to match area of influence, e.g.
  federal money for federal interests

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More Issues

• Needs assessments should distinguish
• Safety or structural defects
• Capacity shortages
• Upgrading to new standards
• Current and future demands

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Economics

• Performance P(S,D,t)
• S Supply of infras. Services S(X)
• X set of functional characteristics
• Planners want adequate X, S over time
• D demand for these services

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Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)

• A life cycle is the entire length of time from
  design, planning, construction, operation,
  maintenance, and decommissioning/demolition
• It is important to understand the cost
  implications of design decisions across the life
  cycle
• Also important to understand where in the life
  cycle that total costs occur

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Life Cycle Cost Influences
Level of Influence
Cumulative Cost
100
50
Increasing Expenditure
0
Planning
Decreasing Influence
Design
Construction
Maintenance
Disposal
Time
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Related Topic Service Life

• Physical service life is the length of time which
  a piece of infrastructure is able to be kept in
  useful service
• Depends on all life cycle phases
• Can be extended from original design due to
  rehabilitation or preventive maintenance

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Expected Service Life Estimates

• Airport Buildings - 150 yrs
• Runways - 50 yrs
• Bridge Decks - 50
• Bridge Sub-/superstructure - 125
• Tunnels - 200
• Sports Complexes - 300
• Electricity/telephone lines - 400

Source Hudson, Haas, Uddin
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New Approach for Infra. Mgmt.

• Critically review status of infrastructure
• Understand issues in managing existing
  infrastructure rather than building new
• Develop awareness of tools and resources for
  infrastructure management

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Areas of concern

• Structural Deficiency (SD) - has been restricted
  to light loads, or is closed, or requires
  immediate work to stay open
• Functionally obsolete (FO) - one of several
  design parameters no longer meets usual criteria
  for system

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Obsolescence

• No longer meets current needs or expectation
  levels
• Aging, technology, standard change
• 2-yr old computers good example
• Inability to meet changing performance
  requirements

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Obsolescence Service Life

• Always remember that someone, somewhere is
  making a product that will make your product
  obsolete
• -Georges Doriot
• Planned obsolescence by Vince Packards The
  Waste Makers
• Practice of deliberately designing products to
  last for a shorter period of time
• Systemically doing this leads to inferior products

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What Causes It?

• Technological change
• Regulatory change
• SDWA forced upgrades
• Economic / social changes
• Value / behavior changes

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Service vs. Physical Lives

• Physical Lives time it takes for infrastructure
  to wear out/fail
• Predicting this may be irrelevant
• Service life time actually used
• In general these 2 are different
• Power plants become obsolete because of
  technology/policy changes

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Design service life

• Design service life only meaningful if defined
  in terms of obsolescence
• Assumptions about lifetime will likely change
  over time
• Infrastructure seldom abandoned before
  replacement in place
• Expectations will increase
• Need to consider expectations and deterioration
  functions

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Rates of Change

• Information economy is making older transport
  modes obsolete
• E.g., ground -gt air shipping
• How long should infrastructure last?
• Physical or service?
• Where will it go when we are done?
• What could we do with Roman roads now?

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Strategies to Mitigate

• Plan and design for flexibility
• Build to assure optimum performance level is
  achieved
• Monitor change to defer obsolescence
• Repair and retrofit early

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Asset Management

• More specific than Infras. Mgmt.
• Focused on transportation Assets
• Assets people physical resources
• Guided by performance goals, time horizons,
  engineering / economics
• High-level assessment of trade-offs between
  alternatives
• Quantitative and qualitative data
• Source Asset Mgmt Primer, DOT 1999

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Investment Decision Making
Asset Management Primer, FHWA
STIP State Transportation Improvement Program
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(No Transcript)
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Bridge Management Systems

• Inventory and condition ratings
• Deteriorating prediction features
• How and when to spend money on bridges to
  maintain/preserve condition
• PONTIS Demo
• Even though features exist, most states use it
  only for inventory/database
• Economic prediction parts ignored

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Deficiency Ratings - Bridges

• National Bridge Inventory (NBI) used as
  information source to U.S. Congress to justify
  spending
• States can use own system, but must report in
  form usable by NBI
• Ratings subjective, but follow a given and preset
  scale
• Shows coding guide and inspection rules

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New Approaches for Infrastructure Financing

• Proposed by Government Accounting Standards Board
  (GASB)
• Asset approach for state financial reporting
• Just like private companies do
• Costs, revenues of providing services
• Historical cost estimate or current replacement
  cost
• Depreciation allowed (SL, condition)
• Exempt if subject to Asset Mgmt AND in better
  than planned condition
• Asset Mgmt system should contain
• Inventory
• Updated condition assessment
• Expected annual maintenance costs