Form-Oriented Analysis A New Methodology to Model Form-Based Applications

1
Form-Oriented Analysis A New Methodology to
Model Form-Based Applications
Dirk Draheim, Gerald Weber
Figures

• Springer, 2004.

2
Fig.2.1. Example pages of the online bookshop
Part I
Welcome Page Logout
My Shopping Cart
Book Quantity Price Quine Word and Object
1 12.46 Wittgenstein Tractatus 1 23.06
Varela The Embodied Mind 2 44.68 Adams
Watership Down 7 62.30
Delete
Delete
Delete
Delete
Update
Buy items in cart
Search for a book
Search
?Springer Verlag 2004
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Fig.2.1. Example pages of the online bookshop
Part II
Customer Registration
Welcome Page
E-mail Address Full Name
Password Repeat Pwd
Street Address City State ZIP Country
Register
Card Type Credit Card No.

WhateverCard
Expiration Date Cardholder
01
2006
?Springer Verlag 2004
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Fig. 2.2. Examples of ultra-thin client based
submit/response style systems
HTTP
Web Presentation Layer
CGI
GET hypertext/dir/index.html HTTP/1.0
Browser
....ltheadgt lttitlegt Dummy lt/titlegtlt/headgt....
PC-Memory
Application Server
Database
PC
3270 Data Stream
AID Cursor Address Data.....
Application Program
3270 Terminal
Command Cursor Address Data.....
TP-Monitor
Device Buffer
Disk
Disk
Mainframe
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Fig. 2.3. SAP R/3 architecture - a client/server
submit/response style system
screen program
ABAP/4 GUI
PBO input template PAI
PBO input template PAI
ABAP/4 Interpreter
PBO input template PAI
module pool
TRPC
Application Server
process before output
Database
transactional remote procedure call
process after input
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Fig. 2.4. Example formchart for a system login
capability
LoginLink
Welcome
Login
LoginForm
WelcomeLink
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Fig.3.1. Welcome screen of the online bookshop

• Welcome to Our Online Bookstore !
• You can choose
• Browse the bookstore
• View Cart
• Login
• Register as a new customer
• Our recommendations
• Richard Adams. Watership Down. view details
• Niccolo Machiavelli. Discourses. view details
• Willard Quine. Word and Object. view details
• Search for a book

Search
?Springer Verlag 2004
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Fig.3.2. Login screen of the online bookshop
Login
Welcome Page
An error occurred. The password that you
provided did not match your e-mail address.
Please try to log in again or register as a new
customer.
Your e-mail address Your password
Login
Register as a new customer
?Springer Verlag 2004
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Fig.3.3. Registration screen of the online
bookshop
Customer Registration
Welcome Page
E-mail Address Full Name
Password Repeat Password
Street Address City State ZIP Country
Register
Card Type Credit Card No.
Expiration Date Cardholder
WhateverCard
01
2006
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Fig.3.4. Category screen of the online bookshop
Welcome Page View Cart Login Register as a
new customer
Category All Books

• Browse subcategories
• Computer
• Cooking
• Philosophy
• Literature
• Science Fiction
• Sports

• Our recommendations
• Richard Adams. Watership Down. view details
• Niccolo Machiavelli. Discourses. view details
• Willard Quine. Word and Object. view details

Add selected items to cart
Search for a book
Search
?Springer Verlag 2004
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Fig.3.5. Book page of the online bookshop
Welcome Page View Cart Login Register as a
new customer
Form-Oriented Analysis
Authors Dirk Draheim, Gerald Weber Abstract
What is the business logic of an enterprise
system? How do I specify it in such a way that I
know how to transform it into a running system,
by skill and by automated tool support? This book
gives a self-contained introduction to the
modeling and development of business logic for
enterprise systems. Price 79,95
Add this book to cart
Search for a book
Search
?Springer Verlag 2004
12
Fig.3.6. Shopping cart of the online bookshop
Welcome Page Logout
My Shopping Cart
Book Quantity Price Quine Word and Object
1 12.46 Wittgenstein Tractatus 1 23.06
Varela The Embodied Mind 2 44.68 Adams
Watership Down 7 62.30
Delete
Delete
Delete
Delete
Update
Buy items in cart
Search for a book
Search
?Springer Verlag 2004
13
Fig.3.7. Order information page of the online
bookshop
Welcome Page View Cart Logout Edit Account
Order Information
Shipping Details Payment Method John Q.
Public WhateverCard, - 86745 49 Nowhere
Lane Expiration 01/2008 New Haven,
Connecticut 06511, U.S.A. Book Quantity
Price Quine Word and Object 1
12.46 Wittgenstein Tractatus 1 23.06
Varela The Embodied Mind 2 44.68 Adams
Watership Down 7 62.30 Total 142.50
Place your order
?Springer Verlag 2004
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Fig.3.8. Search result page of the online bookshop
Welcome Page View Cart Login Register as a
new customer
Search Result

• Search items Immanuel Kant
• Immanuel Kant. Critique of Judgement. view
  details
• Immanuel Kant. Critique of Pure Reason. view
  details
• Immanuel Kant. Critique of Practical Reason.
  view details
• Immanuel Kant. Critique of the Power of
  Judgment. view details
• Immanuel Kant. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of
  Morals. view details
• Immanuel Kant. Theoretical Philosophy. view
  details
• Immanuel Kant. Practical Philosophy. view details

Add selected items to cart
Search for a book
Search
?Springer Verlag 2004
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Fig.3.9. Data model of the online bookshop
0..
subcategories
Book titleString abstractString price
Amount
Category nameString
0..
1..
Author nameString
featuredBooks
authors
1
item
OrderItem quantityNumber
1..
orderItems
Address streetAddressString cityString stateStr
ing zipNumber countryString
CardInformation cardTypeCardType cardNumberStrin
g expirationDate cardholderString
Order
1
buyer
Customer emailString fullNameString passwordStr
ing
1
address
1
cardInformation
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Fig.4.1. Page Diagram Part I
the login data was erroneous
the registration data was erroneous
Registration
Login
Welcome
browse the books on offer by exploring more and
more subcategories
select a book out of a list of featured books in
order to view details of the book
Category
SearchResult
Book
add book to the shopping cart
select books out of a list of featured books in
order to add them to the shopping cart
update cart items
delete a cart item
ShoppingCart
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Fig.4.1. Page Diagram Part II
ShoppingCart
if the user is not yet a registered customer, he
or she might register now
order items this link only exists, if the cart
is not empty
the user is not logged in
OrderLogin
the user is logged in
the login data was erroneous
OrderInformation
the registration data was erroneous
place an order
OrderRegistration
Confirmation
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Fig.4.2. Screen diagram Part I
My Shopping Cart
Welcome Page Logout
Book Quantity Price Quine Word and Object
1 12.46 Wittgenstein Tractatus 1 23.06
Adams Dirk Gently 2 24.00
Delete
Delete
Delete
Update
Search for a book
Buy items in cart
Search
Login
Welcome Page
E-mail Password
Register as new
login
already logged in
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Fig.4.2. Screen diagram Part II
Customer Registration
Welcome Page
E-mail Full Name
Register as new
login
Street Address City State ZIP Country
error occurred
Order Information
Welcome Page View Cart Logout Edit Account
Shipping Details Payment Method John Q.
Public Whatever, - 86745 49 Nowhere
Lane Expiration 01/2008 New Haven CT 06511,
U.S.A. Book Quantity Price Quine
Word and Object 1 12.46 Wittgenstein
Tractatus 1 23.06 Adams Dirk Gently 2
24.00 Total 59.52
Password Repeat Password
Place your order
error occurred
Card Type Card No.
WhateverCard
Expiration Date Cardholder
01
2006
Register
?Springer Verlag 2004
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Fig.4.3. List of options for a single conceptual
option
My Shopping Cart
Welcome Page Logout

Book Quantity Price Quine Word and Object
1 12.46 Wittgenstein Tractatus 1 23.06
Adams Dirk Gently 2 24.00
Delete
Delete
Delete
Update
Search for a book
Buy items in cart
Search
?Springer Verlag 2004
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Fig.4.4. Form storyboard Part I

• UpdateCart
• cartItem
• quantity

• DeleteCartItem
• cartItem

ShoppingCart

• Search
• searchItem

WelcomeLink
OrderLogin
Order
OrderRegistrationLink
OrderRegistration
error occurred
WelcomeLink

• OrderLoginForm
• e-mail
• password

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Fig.4.4. Form storyboard Part II
Order
OrderRegistration
error occurred
user already logged in

• OrderRegistrationForm
• eMail
• fullName
• streetAddress
• city
• state
• zip
• country
• password
• repeatedPassword
• cardType
• cardNumber
• expiration
• cardholder

• OrderLoginForm
• e-mail
• password

OrderInformation
WelcomeLink
PlaceOrder
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Fig.4.5. Page images Part I
WelcomeLink
ShoppingCart
Logout

• UpdateCart
• cartItem
• quantity

• DeleteCartItem
• cartItem

• Search
• searchItem

Order
OrderLogin
OrderInformation
WelcomeLink

• OrderLoginForm
• e-mail
• password

OrderRegistrationLink
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Fig.4.5. Page images Part II
OrderRegistration
OrderLogin
WelcomeLink
WelcomeLink

• OrderLoginForm
• e-mail
• password

• RegistrationForm
• eMail
• fullName
• streetAddress
• city
• state
• zip
• country
• password
• repeatedPassword
• cardType
• cardNumber
• expiration
• cardholder

OrderRegistrationLink
OrderInformation
WelcomeLink
ViewCart
Logout
OrderChangeLink
PlaceOrder
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Fig.4.6. Form storyboard annotated with
interaction information Part I

• UpdateCart
• cartItem
• quantity

• DeleteCartItem
• cartItem

ShoppingCart

• Search
• searchItem

WelcomeLink
OrderLogin
Order
OrderRegistrationLink
OrderRegistration
error occurred
WelcomeLink

• OrderLoginForm
• e-mail
• password

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Fig.4.6. Form storyboard annotated with
interaction information Part II
Order
OrderRegistration
user already logged in

• OrderRegistrationForm
• eMail
• fullName
• streetAddress
• city
• state
• zip
• country
• password
• repeatedPassword
• cardType
• cardNumber
• ? expiration
• cardholder

error occurred

• OrderLoginForm
• e-mail
• password

OrderInformation
WelcomeLink
PlaceOrder
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Fig.4.7. Message storyboard Part I

• DeleteCartItem
• cartItem

• UpdateCart
• cartItem
• quantity

• ShoppingCart
• cartItem
• authorName
• title
• defaultQuantity
• price

2 error occurred

• Search
• searchItem

• OrderRegistration
• errorMessage
• defaultEmail
• defaultFullName
• defaultStreetAddress
• defaultCity
• defaultState
• defaultZip
• defaultCountry
• defaultCardType
• defaultCardNumber
• ? defaultExpiration
• defaultCardholder

Order
OrderRegistrationLink

• OrderLogin
• errorMessage
• defaultEmail

2

• OrderLoginForm
• email
• password

WelcomeLink
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Fig.4.7. Message storyboard Part II

• OrderRegistration
• errorMessage
• defaultEmail
• defaultFullName
• and so on...

1 user already logged in 3 error occurred 4
shipping details 5 payment method

• OrderLoginForm
• email
• password

Order
1
3

• OrderInformation
• fullName
• streetAddress
• city
• state
• zip
• country
• cardType
• truncatedCardNumber
• expiration
• authorName
• title
• quantity
• price
• totalPrice

• OrderRegistrationForm
• eMail
• fullName
• streetAddress
• city
• state
• zip
• country
• password
• repeatedPassword
• cardType
• cardNumber
• ? expiration
• cardholder

4
5
WelcomeLink
PlaceOrder
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Fig.5.1. The information system model of
form-oriented analysis
Dialogue Model
Dialogue Specification
Signature Definition
User Message Model
Referring
Shared Model
Opaque Identity Model
Referring
Information Model
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Fig.5.2. A first formchart example
RegistrationLink
Login
Welcome
Registration
LoginForm
RegistrationForm
ViewCategory
ViewBook
Category
Book
SearchResult
Search
UpdateCart
AddToCart
DeleteCartItem
ShoppingCart
OrderLogin
OrderLoginForm
Order
OrderRegistrationLink
OrderInformation
OrderRegistration
PlaceOrder
OrderRegistrationForm
Confirmation
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Fig.5.3. Two alternative formcharts for the same
model
Q
(i)
(ii)
B
D
Q
E
F
E
F
P
R
A
P
R
A
D
B
D
B
V
S
C
V
S
C
R
P
D
B
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Fig.5.4. Formchart naming conventions
default transition name
default target name
default source name
P
A
P
A
P TO A
PgtT
T
TgtA
PgtTgtA
global default name
custom name
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Fig.5.5. Opaque references in the information
model
non-deletable
product
oref
1..1
opaque reference facade
information types
instance
0..1
Product
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Fig.5.6. Formchart notational elements
P
A
enabling condition
client output constraint
server input constraint
flow condition
A
P
flow condition
server output constraint
P
client input constraint
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Fig.5.8. Meaning of path expressions in the
formchart
D
B
Q
E
P
A
P TO A
F
S
C
R
G
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Fig.5.9. Complete formchart for the bookstore
example Part I
WelcomeLink
ViewCategory
ViewCart
Login
LoginLink
LoginLink
LoginForm
Logout
Logout
Welcome
RegistrationLink
LoginForm
WelcomeLink
ChangeLink
RegistrationLink
LoginForm
ViewBook
RegistrationForm
Search
RegistrationLink
WelcomeLink
Registration
RegistrationForm
RegistrationForm
ChangeLink
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Fig.5.9. Complete formchart for the bookstore
example Part II
WelcomeLink
ViewCart
WelcomeLink
LoginLink
ViewCategory
ViewCart
Logout
Book
ViewBook
Category
LoginLink
RegistrationLink
Search
Logout
ChangeLink
RegistrationLink
AddToCart
ChangeLink
Search
ViewCategory
WelcomeLink
ViewBook
ViewCart
Logout
AddToCart
ShoppingCart
UpdateCart
AddToCart
Search
DeleteCartItem
UpdateCart
Order
DeleteCartItem
Search
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Fig.5.9. Complete formchart for the bookstore
example Part III
WelcomeLink
ViewCart
LoginLink
WelcomeLink
Order
SearchResult
Logout
ViewCart
OrderInformation
RegistrationLink
Search
Logout
ChangeLink
OrderChangeLink
ViewBook
OrderLoginForm
PlaceOrder
AddToCart
OrderRegistrationForm
PlaceOrder
Search
Order
WelcomeLink
OrderLogin
WelcomeLink
Confirmation
OrderLoginForm
Logout
OrderRegistrationLink
OrderLoginForm
OrderRegistration
OrderRegistrationLink
WelcomeLink
OrderRegistrationForm
OrderRegistrationForm
OrderChangeLink
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Fig.5.10. Login, registration and logout feature
of the online bookshop
Logout
Welcome
LoginLink
Login
LoginForm
WelcomeLink
RegistrationLink
Registration
RegistrationForm
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Fig.5.11. Conditional server/page transitions
forgottenEmailPassword
2.
forgottenEmail
3.
forgottenPassword
Login
Welcome
LoginForm
1.
4.
noSuchUser
5.
6.
passwordMismatch
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Fig.5.12. Refinement of a server input constraint
Login
Welcome
LoginForm

• Refinement
• dropping server input constraint
• adding transitions
• adding flow conditions

Welcome
forgottenEmailPassword
forgottenEmail
2.
1.
3.
Registration
noSuchUser
forgottenPassword
4.
5.
Login
LoginForm
RegistrationLink
6.
PasswordError
passwordMismatch
LoginLink
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Fig.5.13. Browsing feature of the online bookshop
Welcome
ViewCategory
1 view a bestseller 2 view a featured book
1
Category
UpdateCart
2
ShoppingCart
Book
AddToCart
ViewBook
SearchResult
DeleteCartItem
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Fig.5.14. Shopping cart feature of the online
bookshop
UpdateCart
UpdateCart
update
delete
ShoppingCart
ShoppingCart
DeleteCartItem
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Fig.5.15. Buying feature of the online bookshop
ShoppingCart
OrderInformation
Confirmation
Order
PlaceOrder
OrderLogin
OrderLoginForm
OrderRegistrationLink
WelcomeLink
OrderRegistration
OrderRegistrationForm
Welcome
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Fig.5.16. Reuse of the login and registration
subdialogues
ShoppingCart
Logout
OrderInformation
Confirmation
PlaceOrder
Order
Welcome
WelcomeLink
2.
Welcome
LoginLink
NewLogin
NewLoginForm
WelcomeLink
2.
1.
NewRegistrationLink
NewRegistration
NewRegistrationForm
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Fig.5.17. Managing user data in the online
bookshop
RegistrationLink
Welcome
Registration
ChangeLink
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Fig.5.18. Search feature of the online bookshop
Welcome
Book
Category
Book
ViewBook
Search
SearchResult
SearchResult
ShoppingCart
AddToCart
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Fig.5.19. Graphical representation of a client
output constraint
formchart
Category
ViewBook
message model
no direct input
Category
ViewBook
selection
opaque reference facade
selected
1..
0..1
featuredBooks
single selection
book
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Fig.6.1. Named partitioning of a formchart
i
iii
ii
vi
v
viii
vii
iv
A
C
E
G
B
D
F
H
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Fig.6.2. Hierarchical formchart decomposition
i
A
C
E
G
B
D
F
H
ii
iii
A
C
C
E
G
B
B
D
F
H
vi
iv
E
G
A
F
H
B
viii
v
vii
C
E
G
B
D
F
F
H
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Fig.6.3. Structured analysis leveled data flow
diagram
0
Source
Sink
Context DFD
flow
1
2
Source
Sink
DFD0
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.2
flow
flow
Source
Sink
S
S
DFD2
DFD1
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Fig.6.4. A flat formchart
A
C
E
G
B
D
F
H
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Fig.6.5. Additional features of the bookstore
Part I
Login
Login
Welcome
Welcome
Registration
Category
Book
LoginLink
Login
Welcome
Book
Category
SearchResult
ShoppingCart
WelcomeLink
SearchResult
View Cart
Welcome
OrderInformation
Category
OrderLogin
ShoppingCart
ViewCart
Book
OrderRegistration
SearchResult
Confirmation
OrderInformation
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Fig.6.5. Additional features of the bookstore
Part II
Logout
Welcome
Welcome
Change User Data
Category
Category
Logout
Welcome
Book
ChangeLink
Registration
Book
SearchResult
SearchResult
ShoppingCart
OrderRegistration
OrderInformation
OrderInformation
OrderChangeLink
Confirmation
Welcome
Search
Welcome
Registration
Category
Category
SearchResult
RegistrationLink
Search
Book
ShoppingCart
Book
SearchResult
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Fig.6.6. Modeling with state set notation
A,B,C
B
C
A
P,Q,R
P
Q
R
E
F
D
D,E,F
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Fig.6.7. Using state set notation forthe
bookstore features Part I
Welcome, Category, Book, SearchResult
Login Logout Registration Change User Data
LoginLink, Logout, RegistrationLink, ChangeLink
1 links to LoginLink only exist, if user is not
logged in 2 links to Logout only exist, if user
is logged in 3 links to RegistrationLink only
exist, if user is not logged in 4 links to
ChangeLink only exist, if user is logged in
Welcome
Logout
ShoppingCart, OrderInformation, Confirmation
LoginLink
Login
ChangeLink
Registration
OrderChangeLink
OrderInformation
OrderRegistration
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Fig.6.7. Using state set notation forthe
bookstore features Part II
Login, Registration, Book, Category, ShoppingCart,
SearchResult, OrderInformation,
OrderLogin, OrderRegistration, Confirmation
Welcome
Welcome
WelcomeLink
Welcome, Category, Book, SearchResult,
OrderInformation
View Cart
ShoppingCart
ViewCart
Welcome, Category, Book, SearchResult,
ShoppingCart
Search
Book
Search
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Fig.6.8. Modeling enabling conditions based on
state specialization
(i)
A2
A4
A1
A5
A3
S3
Start
S2
S5
End
S1
S4
B2
B1
B3
(ii)
A2
A4
A1
A5
A3
S3
S2
S5
S1
S4
Start
End
S3
S2
S5
S1
S4
B2
B1
B3
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Fig.7.1. The data model of the bookshop as a PD
model
Category
featuredBooks
name
title
String
subcategories
Book
String
abstract
String
item
price
Amount
OrderItem
orderItems
name
quantity
String
Author
Number
authors
Order
email
String
buyer
Customer
fullName
String
String
password
address
streetAddress
String
cardInformation
Address
CardType
city
String
cardType
CardInformation
cardNumber
state
String
String
expiration
zip
Date
Number
country
String
String
cardholder
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Fig.7.2. A submodel of the bookshop
title
String
Book
abstract
String
item
price
Amount
OrderItem
orderItems
name
String
quantity
Author
Number
authors
Order
email
String
buyer
Customer
fullName
String
String
password
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Fig.7.3. A relation of arity 3 and an alternative
model with a relationship
Offer
Offer
Customer
Customer
Contact
contact
Salesperson
Salesperson
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Fig.7.4. A partial order in the data model and a
valid state of this model
Partial order
Fro
fro2to
to2fro
To
Data model
Data state
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Fig.7.5. A composition constraint with composite
entity and contents model
composite entity
detouring relation type
weakentity type
master relation types
external reference
contentssubsystem
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Fig.8.1. An example data type interchange diagram
showing all the notational elements
message representing transaction
messages of bidirectional transactional
signature of order
getinsurance
advertise
ship
order
deliver
inquiry
CRMprocess
unit system
welcomeMessage
inputtype
output type
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Fig.8.2. Similar to functional decomposition, a
model subsystem in one DTIM can be defined by a
whole sub-DTIM
c
a
c
b
a
b
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Fig.8.3. Edges between actions within the same
model subsystem can and should be replaced
v
v
i
i
a
a
h
h
u
u
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Fig.8.4. Example DTIMs describing how the login
dialogue accesses a remote authentication service
flow incorrect password
Login
Welcome
LoginForm
Form-Oriented Client
Bookshop System
Customer Management
Login
LoginForm
Authentication Service
Welcome
Receiver
Solution A
flow incorrect password
Solution B
LoginForm
Authentication Service
Login
FailReceiver
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Welcome
OKReceiver
68
Fig.8.5. A DTIM and an equivalent DFD
DTIM
DFD
b
w
b
v
c
i
i
w
v
a
h
h
a
u
c
j
j
h
u
a
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Fig.10.1. The Angie language related tool suite
Java Server Pages
Angie Generator
Click-Dummy Prototype
Angie
Load Angie
Load Test Report
JSPick Model Recovery
Revangie Model Recovery
Angil Load Test
Angil OLAP
Java Server Pages
Web Presentation Layer
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Fig.10.2. Bookstore login capability
login
login
Login
Welcome
LoginForm
LoginLink
WelcomeLink
welcome
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Fig.10.3. Revangie example screen
classifications
view goodies
ACME Specials 1
ACME Welcome 3
ACME events
home
ACME Specials 2
ACME Welcome 4
ACME bargains
view products
identity screen classification title 1-2 3-4 5
6 7 8 source 1 2 3-4 5-6-7 8 targets 1-2 3-4
5-6 7-8 source ? title 1-2 3-4 5-6-7 8 targets ?
title 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 source ? targets 1-2 3-4
5-6-7-8 source ? title 1 2 3-4 5 6 7 8 targets
? title 1-2 3-4 5 6 7 8 source ? targets 1 2
3-4 5-6 7 8
Hardware 5
Drugs 6
Food 7
Goodies 8
non-food
food
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Fig.11.1. CPDS and CPTS
forms are editable method calls
client page
CPTS
CPDS
page description is interpreted
page targets server side code
Browser
Server
code unit that produces page descriptions (e.g.
server page)
code unit that produces page descriptions (e.g.
server page)
code unit that produces page descriptions (e.g.
server page)
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Fig.11.2. Model 2 architecture
front
C
M
Java Servlet
request
create/update
request dispatching
client
server-side objects
Java Server Page
access
response
V
presentation
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Fig.11.5. Higher-order server pages design example
registration A
error and registrationA?along
registration B
registration B
error and registrationB?along
new Customer
registration C
error and registrationC?along
somewhere
not error
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Fig.12.1. The core syntax modelof the PD
modeling language
1
RelationType
EntityType
Role
1
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Fig.12.2. Multiplicity syntax model and union
with PD syntax model
Number
Number
1
1
RelationType
Upper multiplicity
Upper multiplicity
1
1
Lower multiplicity
Lower multiplicity
Role
1
1
Number
Number
1
1
EntityType
1
1
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Fig.12.3. A cutout message storyboard of the
bookshop example with custom transition names
LoginLink
l

• Welcome
• loggedInBoolean
• customerNameString

v
s
ShoppingCart
ViewCart
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Fig.13.2. A formchart is derived from the
semantic framework
formchartframework
shdframework
pageServer
ServerAction
ClientPage
StartState
ServerPage
Category
WelcomeLink
Welcome
ViewCategory
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Fig.13.3. The object net over a formchart is a
path
WelcomeLink
Welcome
ViewCategory
Category
singleInstanceCurrentEnd
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Fig.13.4. A login subdialogue as UML state
machine
submit valid password
Welcome
Login
submit invalid password
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Fig.13.6. Example of path expressions
x
v
y
A
C
D
B
w
z
B
duplicate
x
y
v
aB1B
aC1C
aAA
aC1C
aC1C
y
v
aB2B
aC2C
aC2C
aC2C
aC2C
y
w
result bag
aBB
aC3C
z
w
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Fig.13.7. UML tree definition
parent
ltltsingletongtgt Root
1
xor
1..
1..
Node
parent
1
Leaf
InnerNode
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Fig.16.1. The Seeheim model of user interfaces
Presentation
Dialogue Control
Application Interface Model
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Fig.16.2. Data flow diagram of a system login
and registration feature
user-id
error-message
CurrentUser
login
User
email-and-password
customer-and-repeated-password
register
error-message
Customer
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Fig.16.2. Jacobson-style use case diagram of the
example bookstore.
User
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