A Gift of Fire Third edition Sara Baase

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A Gift of FireThird editionSara Baase

• Chapter 6 Work

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What We Will Cover

• Fears and Questions
• The Impact on Employment
• The Work Environment
• Employee Crime
• Employee Monitoring

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Fears and Questions

• Computers free us from repetitious and boring
  aspects of jobs so that we can spend more time
  being creative and doing tasks that require human
  intelligence.
• However
• The introduction of computers in the workplace
  generated many fears
• Mass unemployment due to increased efficiency
• The need for increased skill and training widens
  the earning gap

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Fears and Questions

• New trends still generating fears
• Offshoring of jobs will lead to mass unemployment
• Employers use of technology to monitor their
  employees

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The Impact on Employment

• Job Creation and destruction
• Reduced the need for telephone operators,
  mid-level managers, bank tellers, etc.
• Ex
• the number of bank tellers dropped by about 37
  between 1983 and 1993.
• Some travel agencies closed, as consumers made
  travel reservations online.
• Kodak laid off thousands of employees.
• Hundreds of music stores closed.

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The Impact on Employment

• New industries arise
• A successful technology eliminates some jobs, but
  create others.
• Internet
• Cellular communications
• Lower prices increase demand and create jobs
• Music industry changed from serving the wealthy
  to serving the masses, employing more than just
  musicians
• New technologies and products create jobs in
  design, marketing, manufacture, sales,
  maintenance, etc.

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The Impact on Employment (cont.)

• Job Creation and destruction
• Unemployment rates fluctuate
• Growth of computers has been steady, while
  unemployment has fluctuated widely
• Are we earning less?
• Since the 1970s, wages decreased , benefits
  increased
• People work fewer hours since the Industrial
  Revolution

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The Impact on Employment (cont.)

• Changing Skill Levels
• The new jobs created from computers are different
  from the jobs eliminated
• New jobs such as computer engineer and system
  analyst jobs require a college degree, where jobs
  such as bank tellers, customer service
  representatives and clerks do not
• Companies are more willing to hire people without
  specific skills when they can train new people
  quickly and use automated support systems

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The Impact on Employment (cont.)

• A Global Workforce
• Outsourcing a company pays another company to
  build parts for its products or services instead
  of performing those tasks itself
• Offshoring - the practice of moving business
  processes or services to another country,
  especially overseas, to reduce costs
• Inshoring - when another company employs
  thousands of people in another country. (e.g.
  offshoring for a German company means inshoring
  for Jordan)

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The Impact on Employment (cont.)

• A Global Workforce (cont.)
• Problems and side effects of offshoring
• Consumers complain about customer service
  representatives, because accents are difficult to
  understand.
• Employees in companies need new job skills (e.g.,
  managing, working with foreign colleagues)
• Increased demand for high-skill workers in other
  countries forces salaries up
• Time difference cause extra difficulties.

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The Impact on Employment (cont.)

• Ethics of hiring a foreign worker
• - You are a manager at a software company about
  to begin a large software project. You will need
  t hire dozens of new programmers. Using the
  internet you can hire programmers in another
  country at a lower salary. Should you do so?

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The Impact on Employment (cont.)

• Getting a Job
• Learning about jobs and companies
• Online company histories and annual reports
• Job search and resume sites
• Online training
• Learning about applicants and employees
• Search online newsgroups and social networks
• Hire data-collection agencies such as ChoicePoint
• Prospective employees may craft an online profile
  trying to get the job they want

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The Impact on Employment Discussion Questions

• What jobs have been eliminated due to technology?
• What jobs that were once considered high-skill
  jobs are now low-skill due to technology?
• What new jobs have been created because of
  technology?

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The Work Environment

• Job Dispersal and Telecommuting
• Telecommuting
• Working at home using a computer electronically
  linked to one's place of employment
• Mobile office using a laptop, working out of your
  car or at customer locations
• Fulltime and part-time telecommuting

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The Work Environment (cont.)

• Job Dispersal and Telecommuting (cont.)
• Benefits
• Reduces overhead for employers
• Reduces need for large offices
• Employees are more productive, satisfied, and
  loyal
• Reduces traffic congestion, pollution, gasoline
  use, and stress
• Reduces expenses for commuting and money spent on
  work clothes
• Allows work to continue after storms, hurricanes,
  etc.

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The Work Environment (cont.)

• Job Dispersal and Telecommuting (cont.)
• Problems
• Employers see resentment from those who have to
  work at the office
• For some telecommuting employees, corporation
  loyalty weakens
• Odd work hours
• Cost for office space has shifted to the employee
• Security risks when work and personal activities
  reside on the same computer

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The Work Environment (cont.)

• Job Dispersal and Telecommuting (cont.)
• Do you think there might be restrictions on
  telecommuting ?

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The Work Environment (cont.)

• Changing Structure of Business
• Increase in smaller businesses and independent
  consultants (information entrepreneurs)
• Mom and pop multi-nationals, small businesses
  on the Web
• Growth of large, multi-national corporations

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The Work Environment (cont.)

• Changing Structure of Business
• Encourage workers to become self-employed
• The availability of IT enabled many businesses to
  give workers more information and more decision-
  making authority, thus flattening hierarchies
  and empowering workers.
• Not all changes due to technology

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The Work EnvironmentDiscussion Questions

• Would you want to telecommute? Why or why not?
• How has technology made entrepreneurship easier?
  Harder?

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Employee Crime

• Embezzlement - fraudulent appropriation of
  property by a person to whom it has been
  entrusted
• Trusted employees have stolen millions of dollars
• Angry fired employees sabotage company systems
• Logic bomb - software that destroys critical
  files (payroll and inventory records) after
  employee leaves

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Employee Crime

• Some employers steal data from their employers
  computers.
• What is the benefit of stealing data?
• Some employee secretly sabotaged a system in the
  hopes of earning extra money to fix it.
• Do you think sabotaging systems is a new or an
  old problem?

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Employee Crime

• How to reduce the likelihood of large frauds?

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Employee Crime

• How to reduce the likelihood of large frauds?
• An employees access should be canceled
  immediately after he/she quits or gets fired.
• No one person should have responsibility for
  enough parts of a system to build and hide
  elaborate scams.
• Some systems provide records of transactions and
  the employee who authorized them.
• Security vs. convenience

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Employee Monitoring

• Background
• Managers have always monitored their employees.
• The degree of details and frequency of monitoring
  has varied depending on the kind of work.
• Computers have made new kinds of monitoring
  possible and old kinds more efficient.

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Employee Monitoring

• Background
• Early monitoring was mostly blue-collar
  (factory) and pink-collar (telephone and
  clerical) jobs
• Time-clocks and logs
• Output counts at the end of the day
• Bosses patrolled the hallways watching workers
• With computers monitoring can be constant , more
  detailed and unseen by workers.

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Employee Monitoring (cont.)

• Data Entry, Phone Work, and Retail
• Data entry
• Key stroke quotas
• Encourage competition
• Beep when workers pause
• Phone work
• Number and duration of calls
• Idle time between calls
• Randomly listen in on calls
• Retail
• Surveillance to reduce theft by employees

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Employee Monitoring (cont.)

• Workers complain that constant and detailed
  surveillance diminishes their sense of dignity
  and independence and destroys their confidence.

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Employee Monitoring (cont.)

• Some argue that monitoring customer-service calls
  is a privacy issue It infringes the privacy of
  employees and customers.
• Employers argue there is no privacy issue the
  calls are not personal.

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Employee Monitoring (cont.)

• Location Monitoring
• Cards and badges used as electronic keys increase
  security but track employee movements
• GPS tracks an employee's location
• Used in some hospitals to track nurse locations
  for emergency purposes, also shows where they are
  at lunch or when they use the bathroom
• Used to track long-haul trucks to reduce theft
  and optimize delivery schedules, also detects
  driving speeds and duration of rest breaks
• Employees often complain of loss of privacy

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Employee Monitoring (cont.)

• E-Mail, Blogging, and Web Use
• E-mail and voice mail at work
• Employees often assume passwords mean they are
  private
• Roughly half of major companies in the U.S.
  monitor or search employee e-mail, voice mail, or
  computer files
• Most companies monitor infrequently, some
  routinely intercept all e-mail

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Employee Monitoring (cont.)

• E-Mail, Blogging, and Web Use
• E-mail and voice mail at work
• Why do some employers monitor their employees
  email messages and voicemail?

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Employee Monitoring (cont.)

• E-Mail, Blogging, and Web Use (cont.)
• Law and cases
• Electronic Communications Privacy Act (ECPA)
  prohibits interception of e-mail and reading
  stored e-mail without a court order, but makes an
  exception for business systems
• Courts put heavy weight on the fact that
  computers, mail, and phone systems are owned by
  the employer who provides them for business
  purposes

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Employee Monitoring (cont.)

• E-Mail, Blogging, and Web Use (cont.)
• Law and cases (cont.)
• Courts have ruled against monitoring done to
  snoop on personal and union activities or to
  track down whistle blowers
• Many employers have privacy policies regarding
  e-mail and voice mail
• The National Labor Relation Board (NLRB) sets
  rules and decides cases about worker-employer
  relations

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Employee Monitoring (cont.)

• E-Mail, Blogging, and Web Use (cont.)
• Some companies block specific sites (e.g. sports
  sites, job search sites, social-network sites)
• Employees spend time on non-work activities on
  the Web
• Concerns over security threats such as viruses
  and other malicious software

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Employee Monitoring (cont.)

• E-Mail, Blogging, and Web Use (cont.)
• Concerns about inappropriate activities by
  employees (e.g., harassment, unprofessional
  comment)

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Employee MonitoringDiscussion Questions

• How much privacy is reasonable for an employee to
  expect in the workplace?
• Under what circumstances is it appropriate for an
  employer to read an employee's e-mail?