OUTDOOR

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OUTDOOR INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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Outdoor Air Pollution
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1.All of the following are primary pollutants
except
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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A.) sulfur dioxide
B.) carbon dioxide
C.) tropospheric ozone
D.) nitrogen oxide
E.) particulate matter
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2.All of the following countries have ratified
the Kyoto Protocol except
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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A.) United States
B.) Japan
C.) England
D.) Canada
E.) France
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Primary vs. Secondary Pollutants

• Primary- put directly into air from polluting
  source.
• Secondary- when primary combines with other
  substances in air and creates something more
  hazardous (acid rain, smog)
• Sun often provides energy for these rxns.

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Major Sources of Primary Pollutants

• Stationary Sources
• Combustion of fuels for power and heat Power
  Plants
• Other burning such as wood crop burning or
  forest fires
• Industrial/ commercial processes
• Solvents and aerosols
• Mobile Sources
• Highway cars, trucks, buses and motorcycles
• Off-highway aircraft, boats, locomotives, farm
  equipment, RVs, construction machinery, and lawn
  mowers

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Natural Sources

• Forest fires- ash, particulates, carbon dioxide
• Volcanoes- ash, acid mist, hydrogen sulfide
• Decaying vegetation- sulfur cmpds
• Trees bushes- Volatile Organic Cmpds (VOCs)
  give Blue Ridge Mtns. their blue hue
• Pollen
• Spores
• Viruses
• Bacteria
• Dust- from storms in arid regions
• Gut bacteria- methane gas

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3.Volcanoes, fossil fuel combustion, and fires
contribute to pollution in the form of
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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A.) synthetic compounds
B.) DDT
C.) EMFs
D.) sodium chloride
E.) particulates
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Anthropogenic Sources of Air Pollution
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Criteria Air Pollutants

• EPA uses six "criteria pollutants" as indicators
  of air quality
• Sulfur Dioxide SO2
• Nitrogen Dioxide NO2
• Carbon monoxide CO
• Lead Pb
• Particulate Matter PM10 (PM 2.5)
• Ozone ground level O3

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Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

• Properties colorless gas with irritating odor
• Effects produces acid rain (H2SO4), breathing
  difficulties, eutrophication due to sulfate
  formation, lichen and moss are indicators
• Sources burning high sulfur coal or oil in power
  plants, smelting or metals, paper manufacture
• Class sulfur oxides
• EPA Standard 0.3 ppm (annual mean)
• 2nd largest cause of air pollution-related health
  damage. (1st is smoking)
• Sulfate particles reduce visibility in the U.S.
  as much as 80
• Reflects sunlight so may have cooling effect

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• Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
• See figure 18.5 on page 400

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4.The greatest amount of sulfur dioxide emission
comes from
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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A.) on road vehicles
B.) biofuels
C.) industrial processes
D.) electricity generation
E.) fires
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Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

• Properties reddish brown gas, formed as fuel
  burned in car, strong oxidizing agent, forms
  Nitric acid (HNO3) in air
• Effects acid rain, lung and heart problems,
  decreased visibility (yellow haze), suppresses
  plant growth
• Sources fossil fuels combustion, power plants,
  forest fires, volcanoes, bacteria in soil,
  fertilizers
• Class Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
• EPA Standard 0.053 ppm
• Excess nitrogen is causing fertilization
  eutrophication of inland waters seas

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Mobile Source Emissions Nitrogen Oxides
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)

• Properties colorless, odorless, heavier than
  air, 0.0036 of atmosphere
• Effects binds tighter to Hemoglobin (Hb) than
  O2, so organs do not get O2 needed, makes you
  sleepy, impairs mental functions and visual
  acuity, even at low levels
• Sources incomplete combustion of fossil fuels 60
  - 95 from auto exhaust
• Class carbon oxides (CO2, CO)
• EPA Standard 9 ppm
• 1 billion tons enter atmosphere/year

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Mobile Source Emissions CO
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5.The largest source of nitrogen oxide emissions
is from
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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A.) on road vehicles
B.) industry
C.) electricity generation
D.) biofuels
E.) fires
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Lead (Pb)

• Properties grayish metal
• Effects accumulates in tissue affects kidneys,
  liver and nervous system (children most
  susceptible) mental retardation possible
  carcinogen 20 of inner city kids have high
  levels
• Sources particulates from fuel combustion,
  smelters, batteries
• Class toxic or heavy metals
• EPA Standard 1.5 ug/m3
• 2 million tons enter atmosphere/year
• Mercury- neurotoxin from coal power plants
• Both mercury lead travel on air currents and
  fall into aquatic ecosystems causing
  bioaccumulation biomagnification in food webs.

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Suspended Particulate Matter (PM10)

• Properties particles suspended in air (lt10 um)
• Effects lung damage, mutagenic, carcinogenic,
  teratogenic
• Sources burning coal or diesel, volcanoes,
  factories, unpaved roads, plowing, lint, pollen,
  spores, burning fields
• Class SPM dust, soot, asbestos, lead, PCBs,
  dioxins, pesticides
• EPA Standard 50 ug/m3 (annual mean)
• PM2.5 is worse b/c small enuf to be inhaled more
  deeply
• Asbestos fibers cigarette smoke are most
  dangerous respirable particles b/c they are
  carcinogenic

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Mobile Source Emissions Fine Particulate Matter
(PM2.5)
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VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)

• Properties organic compounds (hydrocarbons) that
  evaporate easily, usually aromatic
• Effects eye and respiratory irritants
  carcinogenic liver, CNS, or kidney damage
  damages plants lowered visibility due to brown
  haze global warming
• Sources vehicles (largest source), evaporation
  of solvents or fossil fuels, aerosols, paint
  thinners, dry cleaning, wetlands, rice paddies,
  bacteria, plants (Figure 18.8)
• Class HAPs (Hazardous Air Pollutants- cause
  cancer, birth defects, mutation, neutroxins)
• Methane
• Benzene
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), etc.
• Concentrations indoors up to 1000x outdoors
• 600 million tons of CFCs

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Ozone (O3)

• Properties colorless, unpleasant odor, major
  part of photochemical smog
• Effects lung irritant, damages plants, rubber,
  fabric, eyes
• Sources Created by sunlight acting on NOx and
  VOC , photocopiers, cars, industry, gas vapors,
  chemical solvents, incomplete fuel combustion
  products
• Class photochemical oxidants
• Good ozone vs. bad ozone- good is in stratosphere
  and bad is at ground level (from cars)
• Figure 18.10 shows secondary production of urban
  smog by photochemical rxns in atmosphere

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Other Air Pollutants

• Carbon dioxide- natural source from
  photosynthesis respiration human caused from
  fossil fuels deforestation
• ChloroFluoroCarbons (CFCs)- from refrigerants,
  aerosols, Styrofoam
• Formaldehyde- building materials household
  products
• Benzene- paint
• Asbestos- car brakes, building materials
• Dioxins- pesticides
• Cadmium- smelting, batteries, plastics industry

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Formation Intensity of Pollutant is influenced
by

• Local climate (inversions, air pressure,
  temperature, humidity)
• Topography (hills and mountains)
• Population density
• Amount of industry
• Fuels used by population and industry for
  heating, manufacturing, transportation, power
• Weather rain, snow,wind
• Buildings (slow wind speed)
• Mass transit used

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Thermal Inversion- occur in valleys-pollutant
effects are intensified when air cannot move
upward due to cold upper air layer
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Smog Forms
...when polluted air is stagnant (weather
conditions, geographic location)
Los Angeles, CA
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Solar radiation
Photochemical Smog
Ultraviolet radiation
NO Nitric oxide
O Atomic oxygen
O2 Molecular oxygen
NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
H2O Water
Hydrocarbons
PANs Peroxyacyl nitrates
Aldehydes (e.g., formaldehyde)
O3 Ozone
HNO3 Nitric acid
P h o t o c h e m i c a l S m o g
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6. A chemical that causes respiratory problems as
well as damage to the environment and is a part
of photochemical smog is
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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A.) ozone
B.) arsenic
C.) chlorine
D.) asbestos
E.) methane
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7. Which organisms are most affected by air
pollution because they obtain their nutrients
from the air?
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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A.) frogs
B.) trees
C.) lichens
D.) birds
E.) bacteria
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Urban Heat Islands

• Cities are generally 3-5ºC warmer than rural
  areas
• Caused by
• Lack of vegetation to absorb heat
• Dark buildings roads trap heat
• Buildings create windbreaks
• Dust Dome- trapping of dirt particulates over
  city

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INDOOR AIR POLLUTION
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What are some sources of indoor air pollution?

• Cigarette smoke
• Deadliest indoor air pollutant
• Contain formaldehyde, carbon monoxide
• Causes lung cancer, emphysema
• Second hand smoke may be worse due to
  particulates that come from tip.

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What are some sources of indoor air pollution?

• Mold
• Moisture in vents, carpets
• Allergy symptoms, breathing problems, headache,
  fatigue

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What are some sources of indoor air pollution?

• Carbon monoxide
• Malfunctioning furnace, gas appliances, cars
• Blood cannot carry oxygen
• Feel sleepy, nausea, dizzy, cause death.

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What are some sources of indoor air pollution?

• Radon
• Colorless, odorless, radioactive gas
• Comes from soil under basements
• Long term exposure can cause lung cancer
• Fix cracks in floor or walls to prevent influx of
  radon
• Install ventilation fan in basement to blow radon
  out.

Zone 1 (purple) high levels of radon Zone 3
(yellow) low levels of radon
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What are some sources of indoor air pollution?

• Asbestos
• Roofing, flooring, insulation, brakes
• OK unless disturbed or deteriorates
• Can cause asbestosis (scarring of lungs) and
  mesothelioma (type of lung cancer)

Plaque build up (scarring) in lung w/asbestosis
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What are some sources of indoor air pollution?

• Lead
• Old homes, toys, lead crystal dishes
• Causes behavior learning problems, slow growth,
  hearing problems, headaches

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What are some sources of indoor air pollution?

• Formaldehyde
• Pressed wood, paneling, particle board, glue,
  deodorizers
• Respiratory irritation, fatigue, skin rash, known
  to cause cancer

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What are some sources of indoor air pollution?

• 8. VOCs
• Paradichlorobenzene- mothballs, insecticides
• PERC- dry cleaned clothes
• Benzene- paints, cigarettes
• Causes respiratory problems, headaches, loss of
  coordination, nausea, organ damage, cancer

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Effects of Air Pollution on

• 1. Human Health
• 2. Plant Health
• 3. Acid Deposition

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1. Human Health

• Depends on intensity duration of exposure, age
  prior health status
• At-risk groups young, old, or already suffering
  from respiratory/cardiovascular disease. Also,
  more active outside vs. sedentary inside
  lifestyle
• Most susceptible- LDC use smoky fires for cooking
  heating

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Exposure

• Time spent in various environments in US and
  less-developed countries

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How is it introduced to body?

• Inhalation
• Absorption thru skin
• Contamination of food water

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How does air pollution affect people?

• Chronic bronchitis- coughing, trouble breathing
• Asthma- not caused by air pollution, but
  aggravated by it.
• Emphysema- lungs lose elasticity, hard to breathe
• Lung Cancer- caused by cigarettes, car exhaust,
  particulates, asbestos, arsenic, radon

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How does air pollution affect people?

• Sick building syndrome-
• Buildings closed up to save energy- no
  circulation
• Effects of fumes intensified
• Symptoms headache, eye or throat irritation,
  cough, itchy skin, dizziness, nausea, fatigue
• Feel better when you get fresh air outside.
• 20 of workers must be afflicted to be
  classified as SBS

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2. Plant Health

• Two Methods of Damage
• Directly toxic
• Irritate cell membranes
• First few days- discoloration due to chlorosis
  (bleaching) of leaf
• Later- necrotic (dead) lesions develop leading to
  death
• Disruption of plant hormones
• Ethylene from fossil fuels, chemical plants is a
  major culprit
• Synergistic effects (when combined two are worse
  than each individually) unpredictable
• White pine seedlings exposed to low levels of O3
  SO2 individually are fine. When combined cause
  death
• In alfalfa, O3 and SO2 together are less harmful
  than individually.
• Air pollutant effects on plants are sometimes
  confused with insect damage or other diseases.

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Chlorosis and necrosis of white pine needles
Necrotic lesions on lower surface of potato leaves
Necrosis of watermelon leaf
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3. Acid Deposition
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Measuring Acid Rain

• Normal rain is slightly acidic and has a pH of
  about 5.0-5.6
• Any rainfall with a pH value less than 5.0 is
  defined as acid rain
• As of the year 2000, the most acidic rain falling
  in the US has a pH of about 4.3.

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Two Forms

• Wet
• Refers to acid rain, fog, sleet, cloud vapor and
  snow.

• Dry
• Refers to acidic gases and particles.

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Increased Acidity

• Dry deposited gases and particles can also be
  washed from trees and other surfaces by
  rainstorms.
• The runoff water adds those acids to the acid
  rain, making the combination more acidic than the
  falling rain alone.

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Compounds

• Two main contributers to acid deposition
• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• NO- nitric oxide (or nitrogen monoxide)
• NO2- nitrogen dioxide
• N2O- nitrous oxide
• 66 of all sulfur dioxides and 25 of all
  nitrogen oxides comes from coal or oil electric
  power plants. Most nitrogen oxides come from
  cars

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• When gas pollutants e.g. sulfur dioxide, nitrogen
  dioxide dissolve in rain water, various acids are
  formed.

CO2 H2O ? H2CO3 (carbonic acid) SO2
H2O ? H2SO3 (sulfuric acid) NO2 H2O ? HNO2
(nitrous acid) HNO3 (nitric acid)
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Acidic Precipitation
Primary Pollutants SO2 NO2
Secondary Pollutants H2SO4 HNO2 sulfuric
acid nitric acid
acidic precipitation
vegetation direct toxicity indirect health effects
Fossil fuels Power plants Industrial
emissions Auto emissions
soils leaching of minerals
sediments leaching aluminum
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Acidic Precipitation
Wind
Transformation to sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and
nitric acid (HNO3)
Windborne ammonia gas and particles of cultivated
soil partially neutralize acids and form dry
sulfate and nitrate salts
Wet acid deposition (droplets of H2SO4 and HNO3
dissolved in rain and snow)
Dry acid deposition (sulfur dioxide gas and
particles of sulfate and nitrate salts)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and NO
Nitric oxide (NO)
Acid fog
Farm
Lakes in deep soil high in limestone are buffered
Lakes in shallow soil low in limestone become acid
ic
Ocean
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BIOL 349 Atmosphere
Fig. 17.10, p. 428
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Effects of Acid Rain

• The strength of the effects depend on many
  factors
• How acidic the water is
• The types of fish, trees, and other living things
  that rely on the water
• The chemistry and buffering capacity of the soils
  involved
• limestone basalt have high buffering capacity
• have high ANC (Acid Neutralizing Capacity)

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Effects of Acid Rain

• Has a variety of effects, including damage to
  forests and soils, fish and other living things,
  materials, and human health.
• Also reduces how far and how clearly we can see
  through the air, an effect called visibility
  reduction.
• Effects of acid rain are most clearly seen in the
  aquatic environments
• Most lakes and streams have a pH between 6 and 8

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Buffering Capacity

• Acid rain primarily affects sensitive bodies of
  water, which are located in watersheds whose
  soils have a limited buffering capacity (places
  that have granite bedrock or soil for example)
• Lakes and streams become acidic when the water
  itself and its surrounding soil cannot buffer the
  acid rain enough to neutralize it.

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• In areas where buffering capacity is low, acid
  rain also releases aluminum from soils into lakes
  and streams
• aluminum is highly toxic to many species of
  aquatic organisms.
• Can attach to fish gills causing suffocation
• Can release from soil particles enter solutions
  taken up by plants causing death

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Effects on Wildlife
Loons no longer nesting in Adirondack Mtn lakes-
too acidic for fish which they eat

• Some birds have left areas- no fish, forests
  destroyed- less nesting space
• Young of most species are more sensitive to
  environmental conditions than adults.
• At pH 5, most fish eggs cannot hatch.
• At lower pH levels, some adult fish die.
• Both low pH and increased aluminum levels are
  directly toxic to fish.
• Can also stress fish resulting in low body
  weight, small size, less able to compete for
  food, habitats, reduced reproduction, increased
  susceptibility to disease

Salmon populations have decreased in Norway since
1950 due to acid rain. Red areas show where
populations have declined.
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Acid Rain and Forests

• Acid rain does not usually kill trees directly.
• Instead, it is more likely to
• weaken trees by damaging their leaves
• limit the nutrients available to them
• expose them to toxic substances slowly released
  from the soil.

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Acid Rain Forests

• Trees at higher elevations can be more effected
  because of increased exposure to acid fog or acid
  cloud vapor
• As water evaporates from leaf, acid becomes more
  concentrated, burning the leaf tissue.
• Adirondack Mtns

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Effects of Acid Rain
Great Smoky Mountains, NC
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Effects on Plant Nutrients

• Acidic water dissolves the nutrients and helpful
  minerals in the soil and then washes them away
  before trees and other plants can use them to
  grow.
• Acid rain also causes the release of substances
  that are toxic to trees and plants, such as
  aluminum, into the soil.

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Effects on Property

• Many statues, monuments, etc. made from limestone
  (CaCO3), marble or metal
• Acid rain can dissolve rock or tarnish metal
• Expensive to restore, refurbish, maintain
• Car manufacturers now use acid-resistant paint at
  a cost of 5.00 per new vehicle

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8. What heavy metal is produced by the burning of
coal?
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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A.) lead
B.) mercury
C.) arsenic
D.) iron
E.) titanium
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9. Which season will the level of ozone in the
Northern Hemisphere be at its lowest?
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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A.) January
B.) March
C.) July
D.) September
E.) December
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10. All of the following are responsible for
climate change EXCEPT
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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A.) CO2
B.) CH4
C.) CFCs
D.) SO2
E.) H2O
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11. As CFCs enter the stratosphere, they break
down ozone molecules. Why is this a concern?
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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A.) O3 is an important component in oxygen.
B.) O3 helps to keep our planet at a stable
temperature.
C.) O3 is a respiratory irritant in the
stratosphere.
D.) O3 protects us from damaging UV light.
E.) O3 helps to get rid of all the CO2 in the
atmosphere.
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12. A coal fired power plant produces about the
same amount of energy as a nuclear power plant
but the nuclear power plant produces more
iRespond Question
Multiple Choice
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A.) CO2
B.) SO2
C.) fly ash
D.) particulates
E.) thermal pollution