Honors World Geography

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Honors World Geography

• Unit 1 The Basics of Geography

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Take Five

• What do the following terms refer to? (a)
  absolute location (b) distortion
• (c) map projection (d) relative location

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Review of lines of latitude

• Lines of latitude are parallel to each other
  equidistant
• There are northern and southern lines of latitude
• Rememberlatitude goes around the earth

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Review of lines of longitude

• Lines of longitude are not equidistant to each
  other and vary in their size
• There are eastern and western lines of Longitude
• Remember longitude goes over the earth

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Chp 1Physical Geography Looking at the Earth

• What is geography?
• The study of the distribution and interaction of
  physical and human features on the earth.
• Geography is studied using
• Mapsvisual representations of a portion of the
  earth
• 5 Themes of Geographydescribe patterns and
  connections in the use of space

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Wally Points

• What are mental maps? Give an example.

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5 Themes of Geography(1) Location, Location,
Location

• Where is it?
• Absolutethe exact coordinates of a place
• Hemisphere(northern, southern, western
  easternhalves of the globe)
• Equator divides the north/south hemisphere
• Prime meridian divides the east/west hemisphere
• Greenwich meridian
• Latitudelines running parallel to the equator
• Longitudelines that mark positions in the east
  and west hemispheres
• Each location can have only 1 absolute location
• Relativethe place in comparison to other places
  around it

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5 Themes of Geography (2) Place

• What is it like?
• Place refers to
• Physical featuresclimate, vegetation, landforms
  
• Human interactionindustrialization, building
  dams, houses
• Culturewhat culture does a group of people bring
  to a place?

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5 Themes of Geography (3) Region

• How are places similar and different?
• Regions have characteristics in common with each
  other that ties them together physical,
  economic, political or social
• 9 Formal Regions
• The U.S. Canada
• Latin America
• Europe
• Russia and the Republics
• Africa
• Southwest Asia
• South Asia
• East Asia
• Southeast Asia, Oceania Antarctica

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Class Assignment

• Create a map of your neighborhoodyou should
  include as many of the 5 themes as possible on
  your map remember to include a legend.

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5 Themes of Geography (4) Human Environment
Interaction

• How do people relate to the physical world?
• How do people change their environment?
• Sometimes human interaction of the environment
  changes the environment?

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Wally Points

• Name some ways in which human interaction changes
  the environment.

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5 Themes of Geography (5) Movement

• How do people move products and themselves from
  one place to another?
• Linear distance how far across the earth
  something travels
• Physical barriers such as deserts or mountain
  ranges.
• Time distance amount of time it takes to travel
  from place to place
• Psychological distance the way people view
  distance

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Wally Points (Use the map on A4 A5)

• Where is 0, 0?
• Where is 15N 15W?
• Where is 38S 18 E ?
• Where is 35 N 75 W?
• Where is 50 N 10 W ?
• What degrees of latitude and longitude are the
  following locations?
• Georgia (the state)
• Finland
• Tokyo
• Moscow
• Mumbai (Bombay)
• What is the relative location of Cyprus?
• What is the relative location of Madagascar?
• What is the relative location of Tokyo?

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Take Five

• Make a list of the types of maps that geographers
  use to study the world and human interaction.

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Chp 2 The Geographers Tools

• Basic tools of the trade
• Globes 3 dimensionaltoo big to be efficient
• Maps 2 dimensionalgreat for on the go, but can
  be distorted
• Cartographers (map makers) may decrease
  distortion through map projectionspresenting a
  round image on a flat page
• Planar projections or azimuthalgives the
  shortest distance between 2 points
• Conical projectionsprojections onto a cone
  shapeused to show landmasses that extend over
  large areas going east and west
• Cylindrical projections or Mercatorprojections
  onto a cylinder that shows the whole earth

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Planar projections

• A grid from a sphere is projected on a flat
  surface

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Conical projections

• Conical projection maps, in which the Earth's
  surface is projected onto a cone placed on the
  globe with its point over one of the Earth's
  poles, poles, are best suited for maps of polar
  and mid-latitude regions.  They are often used
  for aeronautical charts as well.

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Cylindrical Projections

• Cylindrical projection maps, in which a cylinder
  which is wrapped around the Earth at the Equator,
  are often used for complete world maps.  On a
  cylindrical projection map, the longitude and
  latitude lines are straight. 

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Cylindrical--Mercator

• The Mercator projection, designed by Flemish
  cartographer Gerardus Mercator in 1569, is a
  cylindrical projection which preserves local
  angles, and in which the east-west scale is
  identical to the north-south scale at every point
  on the map.  It became widely used for nautical
  maps and navigation charts on which navigators
  could plot straight line courses.  However, the
  Mercator projection exaggerates the size of high
  latitude areas such as Greenland and Antarctica.

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Robinson projectioncylindrical projection
The Robinson projection is a
pseudo-cylindrical projection designed for Rand
McNally by Arthur Robinson in 1963.  Lengths of
parallels, pole lines, and the central meridian
are arbitrarily calculated for best visual
appearance.  First published in 1974, it was
adopted for world maps by the National Geographic
Society in 1988, but abandoned in favor of the
Winkel Tripel projection in 1998.
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The Science of Mapmaking

• Surveyinggathering data such as elevation,
  differences in land cover, and variations of
  temperature. The information is converted to gray
  images which cartographers then use to construct
  maps (modern day using software programs)

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The Science of Mapmaking

• The modern use of satellites
• Landsats series of satellites that orbit the
  earth 100 miles above the earthcover the earth
  in 16 days
• GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental
  Satellite)a weather satellite that is at the
  same speed as the earths rotation to help
  determine weather patterns
• GIS (Geographic Information Systems)a database
  of geographical information such as maps, ariel
  photographs, satellite images etc
• GPS (Global Positioning System)the use of 24
  NavStar satellites that beam the exact location
  (lattitude longitude coordinates) to handheld
  systems

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The Science of Mapmaking

• Geographers also use other information to solve
  problems such as population density, political
  boundaries, vegetation of an area etc

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Reading a map-using the handout provided review
the different components on a map

• Title
• Compass Rose
• Labels
• Legend
• Lines of Latitude
• Lines of Longitude
• Scale
• Symbols
• Colors

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Does your neighborhood map have any of these
components?

• Title
• Compass Rose
• Labels
• Legend
• Lines of Latitude
• Lines of Longitude
• Scale
• Symbols
• Colors

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Types of Maps

• Physical mapstypes of landforms bodies of
  water for specific area
• Political mapsboundaries of cities, states,
  countries, regionshuman creations on the earths
  surface
• Thematicdepicting certain specific types of
  information
• Qualitativeuses colors, symbols, dots or lines
  to help illustrate patterns related to a specific
  idea
• Cartogramsinfo about a country based on a set of
  data other than land area
• Flow-line mapsillustrate movement of people,
  goods, ideas, animals, etc

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Types of mapsPhysical
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Types of maps--Political
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Types of mapsThematic (Qualitative)
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Types of mapsThematic (Cartograms)
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Types of mapsThematic (Flow line maps)
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Assignment.Part I

• Use media resources Time, Newsweek, National
  Geographic, internet to find a political dispute
  over a border or boundary
• Today, while in the media center, you will find
  research regarding the areas in dispute, the
  history of the dispute, the outcomes of the
  dispute the locations of the dispute
• You will also want to know the regions so that
  tomorrow you can draw a political map of the
  regions in dispute

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AssignmentPart II

• Using your research from yesterday, construct a
  political map with all of the disputed regions
  represented
• Write a 1-2 page paper (typed) about the dispute
  and the outcomes
• (Paper political map due Monday!!!)
• 60 grade