World at War

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World at War

• World War Two

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Treaty of Versailles

• Alsace Lorraine returned to France
• Belgium Poland and Czechoslovakia were given
  parts of Germany.
• all overseas colonies given to Allies (Britain,
  France, Japan)
• Free port city of Danzig

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T.O.V. Military Gains

• German army reduced to 100,000 troops
• Forbidden to have air force
• Reduce navy to 6 ships, subs to be handed over to
  Britain.
• Admission of war guilt

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T.O.V. Reparations

• Germany to pay damages to France and Belgium in
  money or resources for 30 years.
• France gets Saar coal mines for 15 years
• Allied troops establish DMZ in the Rhineland for
  15 years.
• League of Nations formed.

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Nazi Party Aims

• Nationalism
• All Germans in a single Country
• Destroy the Treaty of Versailles
• Rearmament

• Socialism
• Workers to share in profits
• Big companies to be taken over by state
• Land shared for the benefit of all

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Nazi Party Aims

• Anti-Semitism
• Hatred of Jews
• Regarded as lowest race
• Blamed for all problems
• Remove Jews from all important positions in
  society

• Other Aims
• Destroy Communism
• Strong central government
• Increase old age pensions
• Educate gifted children at states expense.

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Enabling Act

• Since Hitler had two thirds majority he passed
  this act that enabled him to pass laws without
  the Reichstag.
• Basically made him have all the power to make
  laws. What he said went.
• Appointed new state parliaments to pass his laws.
  Then disbanded Parliament.
• Got rid of all unions
• Confiscated funds and property of all the
  opposition parties sent leaders to Concentration
  camps.

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Meine Kampf

• Means My Struggle
• Hitler Dictated this while in prison
• Contains all of his ideas for Germany
• Included his hatred of the Jewish Race and the
  superior Aryans.

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Maginot Line

• French built a line of defences
• Germans went around the line of defences and
  surrounded it
• French surrendered.
• Germany takes Paris. French allowed to Control
  Southern France.
• Petain becomes a puppet ruler to Hitler, does
  everything Hitler wants.

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Miracle at Dunkirk

• After French surrender, French and British troops
  run to the Port of Dunkirk, still in Allied
  control.
• Britain hoped to be able to save 50,000 troops.

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How did it work

• Royal Air Force shot down many German bombers.
• Hitler didnt send in tanks so he could save them
  to fight the French
• Land was flooded around Dunkirk, not good for
  tanks.
• Goering said the bombers would do the job.

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Battle of BritainOperation Sealion

• Hitler needed control of sea and air to invade
  with troops.
• Germany uses the Luftwaffe (air force bombers) to
  destroy ships and air bases.

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Blitz

• Just when the British we about to lose their last
  air field Germany attacked London.
• This was to try and get the British to surrender.
• Revenge for British bombing of German cities.
• Everything was targeted.

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Blitz

• Targeting cities did allow the British to rebuild
  the air Force.
• Built 1836 planes in 4 months.
• Germans were losing twice as many planes.
• British had radar technologies
• German Planes could not fight long as they would
  run out of fuel.

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Operation Barbarossa

• Hitler Knew the only way Britain could fight back
  was with help from the Soviets or the U.S.
• Hitler attacks the Soviets because he disagreed
  with Communism.
• Valuable resources
• Living space for Germans (Lebensraum)

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Operation Barbarossa Failed

• The geography of the U.S.S.R was not suitable for
  Blitzkrieg (too big)
• Hitler spread out his troops to attack three
  areas at the same time.
• Winter set in and troops froze to death
• Allies provided aid through the artic and Persia.

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Why did Stalin Choose the Nazis
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Nazi Soviet Pack

• Hitler and Allies both wanted the Soviets on
  their side.
• Hitler did not want a war on two fronts East
  (Soviets and West (Allies).
• Stalin was weak after the war and purges.
• Stalin was terrified of being overthrown. He
  killed or imprisoned 11 million people including
  army officers.

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Nazi Soviet Pack

• Hitler and Allies both wanted the Soviets on
  their side.
• Hitler did not want a war on two fronts East
  (Soviets and West (Allies).
• Stalin was weak after the war and Purges.
• Stalin was terrified of being overthrown. He
  killed or imprisoned 11 million people including
  army officers.

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What was Blitzkrieg
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Blitzkrieg

• German Attack Strategy
• Based on planes and tanks
• Bombers attacked airfields and communication
  centres
• Limited reinforcements and defences

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Blitzkrieg

• Paratroopers dropped behind enemy lines
• Captured bridges and communication towers

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Blitzkrieg

• Bombers attacked enemy strong points
• Tanks broke through weakened points and
  outflanked front lines

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Why was it effective?

• New tactic
• Allies prepared for trench warfare and spread
  themselves thin to cover the borders.
• Speed of tanks allowed Germans to surround allies
  in the trench.
• Allies were on the defensive prepared for a long
  struggle.

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Deliverance Day (D-Day)

• After 2 years of planning D-day is launch.
• Allies land on the beaches of Normandy.
• Landing spots are named Utah, Omaha for the U.S,
  Juno for Canada, Gold and Sword for British.
• Operation code name Overlord

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D-Day Continued

• Airborne troops protected the flanks
• Navy bombarded the Nazi fortifications
• Nazis did not suspect the landing at Normandy
  allies sent a decoy invasion at Calais
• Hitler decided to not send reinforcements to
  Normandy
• Air force bombed Nazi comunication towers.

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D-Day Success

• At the end of the first day the allies controlled
  10 kms of beach.
• Landed half a million vehicles and 4 million tons
  of supplies. (mostly U.S.)
• August, 2 months later, Paris is liberated

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The Cold War Communism
30
Terms Bourgeoisie, Proletariat, MarxMarxs View
on Capitalism

• Communism was a theory by Karl Marx as a way to
  organize society fairly.
• Marx saw that capitalism creates classes in
  society.
• Bourgeoisie are the owners
• Proletariat are the workers
• These two classes will continually be in
  conflict.

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Marxs View on Capitalism

• Bourgeoisie own all the capital (factories, tools
  etc)
• They also get all the profits.
• They can reinvest the profits in the company or
  remove it and pay themselves.

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Marxs View on Capitalism

• Proletariat These are the workers and get paid
  a wage.
• They get no share in Company profits.
• At the mercy of the Bourgeoisies.
• The goal of the Bourgeoisie is to reduce the
  costs of production and pay as little as
  possible.

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Term Dictatorship of the Proletariat

• A dictatorship of the proletariat will be
  created to organize the country.
• They will ensure that the gains of the revolt is
  secured from the capitalist.
• Most Communist regimes have only achieved this.

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PersonVladimir Lenin

• Lenin was leader of the Communist Bolshevik
  party.
• Aided by Germany because he wanted Russia to get
  out of the war.
• Party increased from 26000 to 2 million
• Created a military group called the red Guards

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November 1917

• Lenin and the Bolsheviks seize power in a
  revolution.
• Lenin gives all land to the peasants
• Factories are given to the workers who elect a
  committee to run them.
• Lenin dies and Stalin takes over

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Terms Yalta Conference
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Yalta Conference

• The three leaders met at Yalta, Soviet Union.
• Germany was to be defeated and disarmed.
• Split into four zones of occupation given to the
  Allies.

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Yalta Conference

• Eastern European countries were to have free
  elections.
• The USSR was to join the war against Japan.
• United Nations set up.
• Germany was to pay reparations, Stalin wanted a
  large fixed sum the Allies would not agree with.

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Term Potsdam
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Potsdam Conference

• Occupation zones decided.
• Nazi party banned and were to be tried as war
  criminals.
• For reparations each power was to collect
  industrial equipment from its zone. USSR zone
  was mostly agriculture.
• Germans living in Poland, Hungary, and
  Czechoslovakia were to return to Germany.

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Tensions after Potsdam

• Truman replaced Roosevelt after his death.
• Stalin invited non communist leaders in Poland to
  the Soviet Union and imprisoned them. Communists
  replaced them in Government.
• Truman did not tell Stalin about plans to drop
  bomb on Japan.

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Tensions after Potsdam

• Truman was suspicious since USSR had the largest
  army in the world.
• USSR was developing its own atomic Bomb.
• Truman believed Stalin was influencing Eastern
  Europe to become communists.

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Term Truman Doctrine

• U.S. President Harry Truman believed that is was
  the responsibility of the U.S. to prevent the
  spread of Communism in the world.
• Change in foreign policy from isolationism which
  was practiced throughout the two world wars.

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UN InvolvementTerm Domino Theory

• Truman was afraid that if Korea fell to Communism
  than so would Japan and other Capitalists
  countries. (Domino Theory).
• 16 countries supported the UN invasion of Korea
  including Canada.
• Truman chose General Macarthur to lead the force.

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Korean War
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Term 38th Parallel

• They meet at the 38th parallel (latitude) and
  divided the country in two.

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1st phaseTerms Macarthur, Yalu river

• June Sept.
• North Korea pushes the South all the way back to
  a small corner of the country called Pusan.

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2nd phase

• Macarthur organised a landing at Inchon.
• Effectively surrounds N Korean troops.
• Despite Chinas warnings they cross the 38th
  parallel.

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3rd phase

• US ignore China and push all the way to the Yalu
  River.
• This borders with China.
• Macarthur ignored Trumans orders and began to
  approach the Yalu.

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• China enters the war.
• Pushes the force back past the 38th parallel.
• Un counter Attack drives them back to the 38th
  parallel.
• Armistice signed in 1953.

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Rhee and Macarthur

• Sigmund Rhee - U.S supported Leader of South
  Korea, Capitalist.
• General Macarthur General made famous after war
  in the pacific. General in charge of the Korean
  War.

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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Person Fulgencio Batista

• In 1950, Cuba was ruled by a ruthless dictator
  Fulgencio Batista.
• He killed all opponents and used the military to
  support his rule.

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Batista Government

• Capitalist government.
• Military supported by the U.S
• He and members of his government were very rich
  while the rest of Cubans were poor.
• Disliked Communists.

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Batista Government

• The capital, Havana, was treated as a playground
  for rich Americans.
• It was controlled by American Italian Mafia
  Leader Lucky Luciano.
• Lucky set up a cocaine operation and ran casinos.

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Batista Government

• Was also used to hide money from illegal
  activities in the U.S.
• Many Americans set up factories in Cuba to take
  advantage of local resources like sugar cane and
  tobacco. Ex. Palmolive Colgate.
• This resulted in many rich Americans and very
  poor citizens of Cuba

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Cuban RevolutionPerson Fidel Castro

• Fidel Castro was a lawyer and was appalled at the
  corruption for the Batista government.
• Received support through educating the poor on
  the corruption of the government.
• He joined forces with Che Guevara and organised
  an army which overthrew the Batista government.

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Castro Regime

• Castros first business was to execute all the
  corrupt government officials that abused the
  poor.
• Then he nationalised all the foreign American
  assets.
• Wealth was to be invested in Cuba.
• With this money he set up free health care.

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Term Bay of Pigs Invasion

• Cuba has fell to Communism and Castro is allied
  with the USSR because of the trade embargo.
• Kennedy could not have a communist ally 50 miles
  off the coast of Florida.
• Many people who did not agree with Castro and
  Communism fled the country and became exiles.

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Bay of Pigs 1961

• Kennedy decided to get the CIA to train the
  exiles and plan an invasion of Cuba.
• Exiles taking country back sounds a lot better
  than a US invasion.
• The invasion was a great failure and Castro
  captured and jailed many of the exiles.

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Results of Bay of Pigs 1961

• Because of this Castro felt threatened and allied
  closure with the USSR.
• He needed them for protection.
• Allowed Russia to install military bases.
• Russia began shipping weapons into Cuba.

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Khrushchev and Gulag

• Khrushchev Leader of the Soviet Union during the
  Cuban Missile Crisis.
• Policy of Destalinisation throughout Russia and
  told of the Gulag Prisons.
• Gulag Prisons and Labour camps Stalin created
  to deal with anyone who opposed him.

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Détente, Hotline, MAD

• Détente Time of peace or settling of tension
  during a conflict.
• Hotline direct line of communication which was
  set up after the Cuban Missile crisis between the
  USSR and the USA.
• MAD Mutually Assured Destruction Theory which
  states that if one country attacks with a Nuclear
  weapon then the other would counter, this would
  continue until both countries are destroyed.

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Short Answer 1. Marshall Plan

• Truman believed Communism grew in countries in
  poverty.
• Many governments were struggling to rebuild after
  the war.
• They realised that if they built up Europe now,
  they could have a trading partner for life and
  keep it from falling to communism.
• Created by General George Marshall

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Marshall Plan

• The USA offered money, equipment and goods to
  states willing to work together to create
  recovery.
• Included cash machinery, food and technology.
• In return, they would agree to buy American goods
  and allow American to invest capital in their in
  their industries.

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Results

• 16 nations set up the Organisation for European
  Economic Cooperation.
• In 1953 US gave 17 billion
• Increased tensions and divide between East and
  West.
• Stalin prevented Soviet countries from engaging
  in the plan.

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Results

• Stalin accused the USA of using the plan for
  their own selfish interests
• Plan to dominate Europe and help the American
  Economy.

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Short Answer Question2. Berlin Blockade 1948-49
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Berlin BlockadePolitical Divisions

• After Potsdam Berlin was divided between West
  (allied controlled and East USSR controlled.
• West was capitalist democracy and East was
  Socialist.

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Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Differences

• Allies wanted to rebuild Germany to be a strong
  country.
• Wouldnt fall to Communism
• Create a trading partner
• Act as a shield against the spread of communism
  in Europe

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Berlin Blockade Reconstruction Differences

• USSR wanted a weak Germany that would be
  incapable of an attack.
• USSR refused to let their zone trade with the
  Western allied zone (West Berlin)

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Berlin BlockadeConflict

• Since Berlin was in Soviet zone, they controlled
  all access to city.
• Believed the Allies had no business in Berlin
  since it was in the Soviet zone.
• U.S put up a military base.
• Capitalist way of life was on show as the U.S
  tried to make their zone better.

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Question 2 Berlin Blockade

• In protest, Stalin decided to restrict access to
  Berlin by the Allies.
• Hoped to get the allies to pull out of Berlin by
  starving the people.
• Abandon plans to develop Germany
• Eventually the people would turn to him and
  switch to Communism and create one city.

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Berlin BlockadeWestern Options

• Ignore and drive through Blockade.
• Advantages 1)Show the Russians the U.S could not
  be blackmailed.
• 2)They were the only ones with an A bomb.
• Disadvantages 1)High risk of War
• 2)Russian forces outnumbered U.S forces in Europe.

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Berlin BlockadeOption 2 Pull Out of Berlin

• Advantages
• 1) Avoid any risk of War
• Disadvantages
• 1)Loss of prestige (positive reputation) for the
  Western powers.
• 2) No one trust the Americans in the future to
  stand against Communism.

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Berlin Blockade Option 3 Supply West Berlin by
Air

• Advantages
• 1)Less risk of War than option 1
• Disadvantages
• 1) Risky Operation 4000 tons of supplies required
  daily.
• 2) Costly to supply by two million people by air.

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Short Answer 3. and Terms Socialism v. Capitalism

• Elections and more than one political party.
• Most industry and agriculture owned by
  individuals.
• They employ workers and keep all profits made.
• Profits create classes of people.

• Usually 1 party state
• Industry and agriculture owned by the state.
  People encouraged to work for the common good.
• Classless society with no profit making

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Question 4. Kennedys OptionsOption 1 Do Nothing

• He could do nothing and ignore the missiles.
• This would have been political suicide and if the
  Russians had seen this as weakness on his part,
  they could have taken advantage of it.
• Lose public support and be seen as a weak
  president.

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Option 2 Invasion

• He could order a full scale military invasion of
  Cuba.
• This would escalate the problem as there were
  22000 Soviet troops there.
• Heavy casualties would look bad on the
  presidency.
• Did not know where all the sites were or if any
  were operational and would be fired before they
  were captured.

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Option 3 - Air Strike

• He could order an air strike against the missile
  bases only.
• The problem again would be Russian casualties.
• Air Force was not sure it could deliver pin-point
  bombing raids on what were relatively small
  targets.

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Option 4 - Diplomacy

• He could call on the Russians to remove the
  missiles explaining the damage their presence was
  doing to Russian/American relations.
• However, the Russians were highly unlikely to
  listen to a polite request especially as they
  even refused to recognise the existence of the
  missiles at the United Nations emergency meeting
  on the matter.

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Option 5 - Blockade

• He could put a naval blockade around the island -
  quarantine it - and not allow any more Russian
  ships to enter Cuba.
• This would still leave missiles on Cuba but the
  negotiations would continue in the background
  while publically Kennedy would be seen to be
  doing something specific.

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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Short Answer Question 5 Lenin to Stalin

• Lenin dies from multiple strokes in 1924
• Stalin opposed the New Economic Policy of Lenin
  as it was not Socialism.
• A new class of rich landowners formed called
  Kulaks

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Collectivisation

• Stalin felt he needed to modernise and
  industrialise.
• In order for industrialisation to occur there
  needs to be modernised farming techniques.
• Greater yield from less work would allow farmers
  to leave land and go work in factories.
• Modernisation meant using tractors and machines
  on large farms

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Collectivisation

• Stalin took control of small farms controlled by
  one family and merged them into large plots of
  land that supported many families.
• The government then gave them tractors and seeds.

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IndustrialisationStalins Aims

• Security threatened from Western Nations,
  needed to modernise the Military
• Prove Communism was right
• Control Stalin needed to control his country so
  revolutions did not occur
• Agriculture Needed to be able manufacture
  tractors and farm equipment

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Term 5 Year PlansFirst plan 1928-32

• Increase armaments (military) by mining iron,
  coal and producing steel.
• Take over all private business
• 1929 Stalin ordered it to be completed in 4
  years.

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5 year Plan2nd Plan 1933 - 37

• Concentrated on consumer goods and housing
  projects.
• Had to be abandoned because of suspicion around
  Hitler
• Went back to producing weapons.

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5 Year Plan 3rd Plan

• Focused on luxury goods such as bicycles, and
  radios that were in other industrialised
  countries.
• Also abandoned when Hitler invaded

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Results of 5 Year Plan

• Output Soviet Union made huge advances to make
  it the worlds second largest industrial Power
• New industrial centres and towns were built from
  scratch in the centre of the Union, protected
  from invasion
• See handout

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• Power and transport projects were completed
  including huge hydroelectric dams
• Urban Population increased by 29 million.

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Stalins Dictatorship

• Stalin used propaganda to create a cult of
  Stalin
• He had statues and places named after him.
  (Stalingrad)
• People had to clap when his name was mentioned in
  meetings

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Culture and Censorship

• Stalin reviewed every film and book written to
  make sure it promoted the country.
• Stories had to celebrate the common working
  people and the successes of Communism
• Anyone in violation would be sent to Labour camps
  or Gulags

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Education

• Children were taught that Stalin was the Great
  Leader
• Students were taught Stalins version of History
• Religion was banned and leaders imprisoned
• Stalin was the only one to be worshipped.

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Secret Police and Labour Camps

• Stalin created and expanded his secret police
  force to search out anyone in opposition to his
  government.
• Guilty people were sentenced to death, exile or
  hard labour.
• Labour camps called Gulags were set up for
  prisoners.
• Millions of people were sent to do forced labour.

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Purges

• Stalin was always fearful of losing power.
• Used terror in the form of Purges to get rid of
  any opposition.
• This also helped with labour in mines

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Purges 1930-40

• Managers and workers that did not meet the five
  year plans or talked bad about them
• Kulaks that opposed collectivisation
• 1934 Opposition party members
• 1935 senior communists that may support Other
  leaders (Trotsky)

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Purges

• Ordinary citizens if someone suspected a
  neighbour of not supporting the government they
  could be arrested.
• Children were encouraged to tell on their
  parents.
• People tortured to confession
• 1 million people in Moscow killed

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Purges and Results

• 1937 the Red Army Most senior officers and
  officials were killed or sent to Gulags.
• Left the army unprepared against Hitlers
  invasion.
• Executed 1 million
• Died in Camps 2 million
• In prison 1 million
• Gulags 8 million
• These are figures form one year.

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Results Continued

• Most of the advantages of Communism was
  nullified after this.
• Expert scientists, administrators and Engineers
  were usually sent to Gulags or killed.
• People would tell on each other for self
  interest.
• Stalin even killed members of his own family.

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The Road to WarHitlers Aims

• Causes of WW2 Essay Question 2

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Cause 1. Treaty of versaille Reversal of the
Treaty of Versailles

• Never excepted treaty
• Determined to restore German Pride
• Intended to retrieve the lands lost in 1919
• Build up the armed forces

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Unite Germans

• Hitler wanted to unite all German speaking people
• This would create Greater Germany in one
  homeland
• This meant the unification of Germany and Austria
  (Anschless) which was forbidden in the Treaty of
  Versailles
• Also unite the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia

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Lebensraum

• Means Living space
• For its 85 million citizens it would need more
  resources
• Would have to invade Poland and west USSR
• Hitler hated the Poles because they were Slavs
• Hitler hated USSR because they were Communists

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German Rearmament1933

• Disarmament Conference Hitler challenged the
  other powers to disarm to his level. They
  rejected.
• Hitler then felt justified in rearming

108
German Armed Forces

• In 1933 Germany announced they would increase
  troops to 300,000
• Air force to contain 1000 planes and train
  pilots.
• 1935 Increased army to 500,000
• Allies met to condemn German Rearmament
• This was called the Stresa conference

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Anglo-German Naval Treaty

• This allowed Germany to build a Navy 1/3 the size
  of Britain and have the same number of Subs.
• This broke the Stresa agreement.
• Allies turned on each other.

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2. Appeasement

• Allies did nothing when Hitler took over the
  Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.
• Did nothing when Hitler began rearming. Including
  the air force and navy and increasing troops from
  300,000
• Did nothing when they allied and took over
  Austria (anchluss)
• Hitler thought he could get away with anything
  so moved into Poland which started the war.

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Propaganda

• Hitler used film and control of all information
  in the country to gain the faith of his people.
  I.E. The Peoples Radio
• He created the Hitler youth and taught them to
  worship Hitler. This would ensure future
  support.
• Women were taught how to raise the perfect German
  child according to Hitlers vision.

112
Domestic Control

• Hitler controlled all information in the Country.
• Used his SS and stormtroopers to kill and bully
  any that opposed his views.
• Burned books that spoke against him
• Schools only taught his approved curriculum.

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Rwanda
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Question 12 long answer 1History

• First colonized by Germany in 1890.
• Germany forced to give it over to Belgium in
  Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
• Natives made up of two ethnic groups, Tutsi and
  Hutu who lived together for 600 years.

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Hutu Tutsi

• Both groups spoke the same language, shared the
  same religion, and traded resources.
• Both followed the Belgian chosen leader and
  thought he was godlike.
• Intermarriages were common between the two.

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Differences Hutu Tutsi

• Physically the Tutsi were lighter skinned,
  thinner and taller than Hutus
• Hutus were shorter and stocky, darker skinned.
• Tutsi were cattle herders, Hutu were famers.
• 85 of people were Hutu, 15 Tutsi
• Large Hutu Majority.

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Belgium Influence

• Belgium orders the citizens to carry identity
  cards stating who was Tutsi and Hutu.
• Belgium viewed the Tutsi as ethnically superior
  because they had lighter skin, were taller.
• Tutsi were richer since they had cattle.
• Gave privileged jobs and government positions to
  Tutsi.
• This angered Hutus as they were the majority

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Conflict

• In 1959 Rwandan Tutsi king dies and Belgium
  installs another Tutsi king.
• This angered Hutus and a violent revolution
  resulted.
• Rwanda holds an referendum and vote for
  independence from Belgium.

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Hutu Power

• 1962 First Hutu, Gregoire Kayibanda, elected to
  power.
• Throughout the 60s and 70s Hutus kill and
  persecute Tutsi and remove them from powerful
  jobs.
• 2 million Tutsi fled to Uganda, Congo, Tanzania.

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• In 1973 military coup installs Hutu General
  Habyarimana
• He changes constitution that states Tutsi can
  only fill 9 of government positions.
• Tutsis in Rwanda and all neighboring countries
  from the Rwandese Patriotic Front (RPF) to fight
  for Tutsi rights.

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• 1990 RPF in all countries invade Rwanda.
• France and Zaire send troops to stop the invasion
  and force a cease fire in 1991.
• Hutu Government declares Tutsis as enemy of the
  state.
• United Nations intervenes to make sure the cease
  fire is not broken.
• Mission is called United Nations Assistance
  Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR).

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UNAMIR

• 2500 troops
• 370 from Canada
• 400 Belgium
• 800 Ghana
• Canadian Lieutenant General Romeo Dallaire is put
  in charge of the mission to support Arusha
  Accords cease fire.

124
Ethnic Division

• President Habyarimana takes this event to create
  a Tutsi enemy threat.
• Gave him more support in the country.
• Organized massacres of Tutsi and opposition
  groups.
• Formed a youth militia called the Interahamwe
  (those that attack together).

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• Interehamwe recruiters offered them food, drugs,
  freedom to rape, cash.
• Encouraged them to take Tutsi possessions.

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Hutu Power Radio

• Habyarimana also started the radio station RTLM
  also known as Hutu Power.
• Used to spread hatred and blame the Tutsi for all
  problems.
• Called them Inyenzi or cockroaches
• Also spread hate against UNAMIR and Belgium.
• In Burundi, Tutsis murdered the Hutu president
  making the Rwandans more frightened.

127
Hutu Power Radio

• Radio announces that Tutsi should exterminate
  their neighbours and take their land and
  possessions.
• False reports of the Tutsi attacking Hutu in
  rural parts of country led by the RPF.

128
Civilian Civil Defense Force

• Habyarimana organizes another militia (Civilian
  Civil Defense Force) of ordinary citizens and
  gives them clubs and machetes.
• It is now believed that France supplied weapons
  and training for the Interahamwe and the Civilian
  force.

129
Structure

• Habyarimana then kills all local leaders that
  does not support him and replaces them with his
  own Hutu leaders.
• Police chiefs, Mayors, government employees all
  support killing the Tutsi.
• They wait for the signal from the Hutu power
  radio station.

130
Dallaires Cables

• Dallaire captures shipments of weapons from
  France (in violation of Arusha Accords) destined
  for Hutu Government.
• Meets with Interahamwe informant Jean Pierre
  who tells of weapons caches throughout Rwanda.
• Dallaire sends cable (communication) requesting
  permission to capture weapons and is denied.
  Forced to tell Habyarimana what he knows.
• Jean Pierre is never seen again

131
Start

• April 6th 1994 President Habyarimana is killed
  when his plane is shot down.
• Colonel Bagosora takes charge and orders the
  military, Interahamwe, Civilian Civil Defense to
  begin extermination of the Tutsi for self
  defense.

132
Strategies

• Organised to kill 1000 every 20 minutes
• Since Rwandans were forced to identify, Hutus
  knew where they lived.
• Went house to house killing families.
• Local officials order militias to create barriers
  on roads to prevent Tutsis from leaving.

133
Strategies

• Force Tutsi to go to public buildings (churches,
  schools, govt buildings) where they are massacred
  in large scale.
• Women were raped in exchange for their life.

134
Belgium Deaths

• Once the killings started, Romeo Dallaire sent 10
  Belgium peacekeepers to protect the Prime
  Minister Agathe uwilingiyimana
• She is killed
• Troops are captured, tortured and killed by the
  Tutsi.

135
Evacuations

• France, Belgium, U.S send 2000 in troops and
  Military planes to evacuate its citizens in
  Rwanda, and leave.
• Belgium removed its troops after the deaths.
• Dallaire was left with 270 troops from Canada and
  Ghana.
• UN ordered Dallaire to leave, he denied the
  order.

136
End of Genocide

• The genocide came to an end after the RPF invaded
  once again.
• Estimated 800,000 Tutsi and Hutu killed in 100
  days.
• RPF capture Kigali and form an interim government
  composed of Tutsi and Hutu.

137
International Humanitarian Law

• Geneva Conventions

138
Geneva Conventions

• Made up of 4 treaties and 3 additional protocols.
• Ratified by 194 countries
• Aim is to set of standard for treatment of
  victims of war.

139

• Defines rights of those captured during the war.
• Establishing protections for the wounded
• Addresses protections for the civilians in and
  around a war zone.

140

• Henri Dunant wrote a book (Memoir of Solferino)
  in which he proposed a permanent relief agency
  for humanitarian aid in times of war
• A government treaty recognizing the neutrality of
  the agency and allowing it to provide aid in war
  zones.

141

• This led to the Red Cross and the Geneva
  Conventions.
• Dunant became the first recipient of the Nobel
  Peace Prize.

142
Basic Rules

• Attacks must be limited to combatants and
  military targets
• 1.1 Civilians may not be attacked
• 1.2 Civilian objects (houses, hospitals, schools,
  places of worship
• 1.3 Using civilians to shield military targets is
  prohibited

143

• 1.4 prohibited for combatants to pose as
  civilians
• 1.5 Starvation of civilians as a method of combat
  is prohibited
• 1.6 illegal to attack objects that are important
  to survival (farms, drinking water
• 1.7 illegal to attack dams, dykes, nuclear power
  plants

144
Indiscriminate weapons

• 2. Attacks or weapons which indiscriminately
  strike civilian and military objects and persons,
  and which cause excessive injury or suffering are
  illegal
• 2.1 chemical and bio weapons, blinding laser
  weapons, weapons that injure the body by
  fragments, poison, anti personnel land mines.

145
Examples

• Cluster Bombs and Land mines since they kill
  civillians and military targets.
• Cluster bomb are canisters tat hold hundreds of
  little bombs or bomblets
• These litter the land with unexploded bombs that
  put the lives of children and civilians at risk.

146
Global Inequalities
147
Developed (First World, North)

• Wealthy countries good standard of living for
  citizens
• Industrialized
• Health Care
• Education available to all people
• Low child mortality rates (Canada 4 deaths/1000
  births)
• High life expectancy (Canada age 79M, 81F)
• Examples Canada, United States, Britain, France,
  Germany, Australia etc

148
Developing World (Third World, South)

• Poorest countries hunger, poverty, disease
• Not industrialized
• Health care is limited or non-existent
• Limited education
• High child mortality rates (Mozambique 199
  deaths/1000 births)
• Low life expectancy rates (Zambia age 37)
• Examples Ethiopia, Vietnam, Haiti, Most African
  countries etc

149
Facts

• Half the world just over 3 billion people, live
  on less than 2.00 a day.
• The wealth of the poorest 48 countries in the
  world is less than the wealth of the worlds
  three richest people.
• 30 million people die each year from lack of food.

150

• Every 3.6 seconds someone in the world dies of
  hunger 75 are children.
• Worldwide 250 000 000 children are forced to
  work.
• 40 000 children die a day from malnutrition and
  disease.

151

• 125 million children are not in school most are
  girls.
• Over 1 million children a year will become part
  of the sex trade.

152
Causes of Inequalities
153

• 1. Colonialism
• A policy of conquering and controlling other
  countries.
• Began in the 1500s when the nations of Europe
  established colonies in Africa, Asia and South
  America.
• Colonies provided cheap labour and raw materials
  (minerals, diamonds, tea, sugar, rubber, etc) to
  be sold around the world for huge profits.
• European countries soon became very rich at the
  expense of the colonies.
• After 1945, most colonies became independent
  countries poor and underdeveloped.

154
2. Neo-colonialism The Global Economy

• Independent colonies were quickly invaded and
  controlled by multi-national corporations (MNCs)
  who set up factories or sweatshops.
• Headquarters for these corporations are located
  in the developed countries.
• MNCs pay factory workers very low wages for
  products sold at high prices around the world.

155

• Corporate taxes and environmental restrictions
  are avoided
• End result
• 1. Billions of for the MNCs
• 2. Developing countries remain poor and
  dependant on foreign corporations

156
3. Debt

• 1970s - developing countries borrowed money from
  the richer nations
• Agreed to pay the money back with interest
• Due to poverty and high interest rates -
  repayment was impossible
• For many countries, all extra money went to pay
  the debt, not towards improving the country.

157
4. Corruption

• Corrupt governments also keep developing nations
  in poverty.
• Corrupt leaders promote their interests over the
  welfare of the people.
• Example Zaire, 1960s President Mobutu had 11
  palaces, while his people suffered in poverty.