History of Health Care

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History of Health Care
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What does it mean to be healthy?
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Primitive Times4000 BC- 3000 BC

• Illness and disease caused by supernatural
  spirits and demons
• Tribal witch doctor
• Morphine
• Digitalis
• Bore a hole in skull to treat insanity or headache

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Primitive Times

• What is the average life span?

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Ancient Greeks1200 BC- 200 BC

• Began modern medical science by observing the
  human body and effects of disease

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Ancient Greeks

• 1200 BC - Asclepius known as the Greek god of
  healing. People went to his temple to pray for
  cures.
• In time priest healers adopted the symbol of
  Asclepius
• Symbol evolved into an insignia called the
  caduceas.

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Ancient Greeks

• Biochemist Alcamaeon in 6th century BC identified
  the brain as the physiological site of the senses

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Ancient Greeks

• Hippocrates
• Practiced and taught medicine around 400 B.C.
• Father of Medicine
• Developed and organized methods to observe the
  body
• Recorded signs and symptoms of many disease

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Ancient Greeks

• Hippocrates students followed a strict ethical
  code.
• Followers swore they would maintain their
  clients privacy and never deliberately harm
  them.
• This code of ethics, the Hippocratic Oath,
  continues today.

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Ancient Greeks

• Aristotle (384-322 BC) dissected animals and is
  called founder of comparative anatomy.
• Believe illness is a result of natural causes
• Used massage, art therapy, and herbal treatments
• Stressed diet and cleanliness to prevent diseases

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Ancient Greeks

• What is the average life span?

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Ancient Romans753 BC- 410 AD

• First to organize medical care for soldiers
• Early hospitals developed
• Began public health and sanitation systems.

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Ancient Romans

• Claudius Galen- 129-199 BC
• Egyptian trained
• Appointed as physician to the gladiators during
  the second century.
• Dissected animals and determined function of
  muscles, kidney, and bladder
• Used his skill as a surgeon to treat the injured

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Ancient Romans

• Documented the importance of the spinal cord to
  the movement of limbs
• He described how to cure breathing difficulties
  with a tracheotomy
• Based his practice on the teachings of
  Hippocrates

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Ancient Romans

• Galens manuscripts were hand copied and used in
  physician training for centuries.

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Ancient Romans

• What is the average life span?

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Dark Ages400-800 AD

• Emphasis was placed on saving the soul and the
  study of medicine was prohibited.
• Prayer and divine intervention
• Monk and priests
• Medications were herbal mixtures

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Dark Ages

• What is the average life span?

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Middle Ages800-1400 AD

• Renewed interest in the medical practice of
  Greeks and Romans
• Bubonic Plague
• Major Diseases
• Small pox
• Tuberculosis
• Malaria

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Middle Ages

• Persian doctor named Rhazes discovered the
  difference between smallpox and measles.
• Blood was the cause of many infectious diseases
• His works were used until the 1800s

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Middle Ages

• The Barber-Surgeon
• Performed surgery to treat cataracts
• Practiced phlebotomy
• Served with the military and treated injuries
• Amputated limbs

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Middle Ages

• Symbol left over from the time when barbers were
  surgeons.

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Middle Ages

• Regulation of medical care began
• Physicians were licensed after formal training
  with experienced doctors

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Middle Ages

• Women were not allowed to practice medicine.
• 14th century- Jacoba Felicie who was tried for
  practicing medicine without a license.
• She defended herself by explaining that women
  were sometimes embarrassed to see a male physician

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Middle Ages

• Religion and Medicine
• Both Christian and Muslim teachings encourage the
  care for those in need.

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Middle Ages

• 13th century, there were scores of hospitals in
  the Muslim world
• Each hospital had separate wards for different
  illnesses, trained nurses, and stores of
  medication

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Middle Ages
What is the average life span?
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The Renaissance1350-1650 AD

• Rebirth of science of medicine
• Dissection of human body

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The Renaissance

• Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo
• Used dissection to draw human body
• Development of the printing press
• First anatomy book

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The Renaissance

• What is the average life span?

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16th and 17th Centuries

• Causes of disease were still unknown and many
  people died from infections
• Apothecaries (early pharmacist) made, prescribed,
  and sold medications

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16th and 17th Centuries

• What is the average life span?

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Industrial Revolution

• 18th and 19th Century
• Changes came about due to the introduction of
  machines
• Blood cells, bacteria, and protozoa could now be
  seen with a microscope

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The Industrial Revolution

• Doctors discovered capillaries
• Stethoscope was invented

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The Industrial Revolution

• The connection between health and the
  environment was made.
• Edwin Jenner discovered that milkmaids exposed to
  cowpox did not get smallpox
• In 1796 began inoculating people with the fluid
  from cowpox blisters, and the vaccination was
  born.

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The Industrial Revolution

• Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
• Carried out experiments that become the basis for
  modern microbiology
• Pasteurization of milk and other food products
• Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
• Ridiculed for insisting the use of soap to
  disinfect instruments and cleaning hands before
  doctors moved to another client
• Today it is called medical asepsis

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The Industrial Revolution

• Robert Koch (1843-1910)
• Discovered that pathogens, disease producing
  microorganisms, are the source of some diseases.
• Proved Lister was correct

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Industrial Revolution

• The development of ether as an anesthesia during
  this period made painless surgery possible.

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Industrial Revolution

• What is the average life span?

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Modern Times20th Century

• Electronics and computer science changed clinical
  medicine
• Advances in engineering, chemistry, and physics
  have contributed to current medical practice

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Modern Times

• Brainstorm
• What new medications, diagnostic techniques,
  and treatments contribute to our good health
  today?

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Modern Times

• Antibiotics
• Radium used for cancer treatment was discovered

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Modern Times

• X-rays gained importance in noninvasive diagnoses
• Computerized axial tomography
• (CAT scan)
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Ultrasound or sonographic imaging

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Modern Times

• Organ transplants are now common
• Artificial organs is progressing
• In vitro fertilization allows infertile couples
  to have children

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Modern Times

• Electronic communication transmits information in
  the blink of an eye
• Physicians and clients do not need to be in the
  same room to confer
• Surgeries are performed with intricate
  computerized equipment

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Modern Times

• Learning and adapting to change are necessary to
  maintain competency in the high-tech environment
  of modern health care.
• The only certainty in health care today is
  change!!!

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Modern Times

• What is the average life span?