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Diapositiva 1

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Title: Diapositiva 1


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EVOLUCION
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cambio con modificación
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La creación bíblica
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Jean Baptiste de Monet Caballero de Lamarck
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How does evolution occur the mechanism
  • Lamarckian evolution Inheritance of acquired
    characteristics
  • Lack of support from genetics and experimental
    biology

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George Cuvier
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Charles Darwin
Alfred Wallace
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How does evolution occur the mechanism
Evolution happens slowly and gradually, through
non-random survivability (selection) of features
in a parent population
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Mendel
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Ortogénesis
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Teilhard de Chardin (Oonosfera)
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George Gaylord Simpson
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The evolution of horses Traditional
interpretation
  • Originated in North America, in the Eocene
  • Increasing body size
  • Increasing tooth-crown height
  • Decreasing number of toes
  • Traditionally interpreted as a single lineage,
    gradual, phyletic evolution

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The evolution of horses New interpretation
  • New fossil discoveries reveal that there existed
    many fast evolving lineages
  • Branching events (speciation events) follow
    punctuated equilibrium model
  • Evolutionary trends found in multiple lineages
  • Evolutionary trends driven by climatic and
    ecological changes (woodland browsers to
    grassland grazers)

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Equilibrio interrumpido
Niels Eldredge
Stephen J. Gould
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Evolutionary Pattern Phyletic Gradualism vs.
Punctuated Equilibrium
Punctuated Equilibrium Observations Morphological
changes mostly occur when species branch to form
new species (speciation events) Stasis between
speciation events Evolutionary rate may not be
constant, fast at speciation events, slow between
speciation events Mechanism Allopatric
speciation Peripheral subpopulations are small,
easy to isolate, and evolve faster Phyletic
gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are two
alternative modes of speciation both modes have
been seen in the fossil record.
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Estado actual Nueva síntesis Evidencias de la
evolución
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Evidence for Evolution
  • Homologous structures
  • Structures in different species and with
    strikingly different functions are built from the
    same basic blueprint, indicating that they
    evolved from a common ancestor these are called
    homologous structures

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Evidence for Evolution
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Evolution of whales from even-toed ungulates De
Muizon, 2001, Nature, 413259-260
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Evidence for Evolution
Biología del desarrollo Evo Devo
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Biología/Genética del desarrollo (EvoDevo)
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GENES Reguladores (HOX-HOMEOBOX)
GENES estructurales
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Selección Natural
Supervivencia y reproducción diferencial de los
individuos mejor adaptados
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Darwins mechanism of evolution Natural
Selection and Phyletic Gradualism
Galapagos finches have strikingly different
beaks, -- an adaptation to different diets
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Adaptación
Kettlewell, 1959
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estabilizadora
direccional
diversificadora
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Megaloceros ginganteum
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REPRODUCCION DE MODELOS DE GRAPTOLITES PARA EL
ESTUDIO DE LA BIOLOGIA FUNCIONAL
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Hiperadaptacionismo
The pelvis and femur of a whale are vestigial
organs
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Limitaciones al crecimiento (morfología
construccional)
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ESPECIES
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Species as a dynamic biological entity
  • Species
  • A group of organisms that have general
    structural, functional, developmental, and
    genetic similarities and that are able to
    interbreed to produce fertile offspring
  • Under natural conditions, individuals of
    difference species cannot breed to produce
    fertile offspring species exist in reproductive
    isolation and there is no genetic flow between
    species
  • New species arise through reproductive isolation
    and natural selection
  • How many living species?
  • Millions have been described, many are insects.
    Millions more remain to be discovered and
    described.
  • How many species existed on the Earth?
  • No reliable estimate. Perhaps as many as 50
    billion. Only one in a thousand species is still
    alive. Most went extinct.

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Especies gemelas
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Especies politípicas
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Especiación geográfica
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El problema de la especie en Paleontología
Morfoespecie
  1. Especies gemelas y politípicas
  2. Dimorfismo sexual
  3. Sesgos de preservación
  4. Representación parcial de organismos
  5. Escasez de individuos
  6. Imposibilidad de cruzamiento-información genética
  7. El caso de Metrarabdotos (briozoo)

Cronoespecie
  1. Establecer límites entre especies
  2. Necesidad de series muy completas con muy buen
    registro

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El problema de la especiación en Paleontología
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Melanopsis
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MODELOS EVOLUTIVOS
GRADUALISMO FILETICO
EQUILIBRIO INTERRUMPIDO
ANAGENESIS INTERRUMPIDA
TIEMPO
Anagénesis
Interrupción
Cladogénesis
Estasis
Anagénesis
Interrupción
CAMBIO MORFOLOGICO
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Macroevolución
1. Aparición de taxones superiores 2. Tasa de
cambio morfológico 3. Selección-tría de
especies 4. Morfología de clados 5. Disparidad
morfológica
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Aparición de taxones superiores
(Wallace Arthur 2004)
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Heterocronías
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Tasa de cambio morfológico
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Fósiles vivientes
Limulus
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Selección-tría de especies
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Morfología de clados
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Interacción entre clados
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Disparidad morfológica
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Evolución de comunidades
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(Futuyma, 1986)
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(Phillips, 1860)
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(Darwin, 1859)
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Sesgos Dependientes del tiempo volumen de
rocas y área cubierta preservación
diferencial efecto monográfico
(interés) Independientes del tiempo dificultad
de reconocer y registrar especies registro
marino vs continental formas con esqueleto vs
sin esqueleto
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(Sepkoski, 1997)
(Sepkoski)
(Stanley, 2007)
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Paleozoic plateau
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Extinciones
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Sepkoski
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Tipos de extinción en masa
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gradual
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catastrófica
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Problemas
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Tipos de selección en las extinciones en masa
  • Selección anatómica-ecológica
  • Selección taxonómica
  • Selección geográfica

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Causas de la extinción en masa
Terrestres Nivel del mar Anoxia Vulcanismo
intenso Clima global
Extraterrestres Impacto meteorítico
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Nivel del mar
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Anoxia
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Vulcanismo
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Impacto meteorítico
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IMPACTOS Y VOLCANISMO
(Archibald, 1996)
PERMO/TRIAS
K/T
TASA DE EXTINCION
TRIASICO SUPERIOR
AREA NO MARINA (106 m2)
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Causas de la extinción en masa
Interacciones bióticas
SEXTA EXTINCIÓN
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EXTINCION DEL DODO, Didus ineptus (Hutchinson,
1894)
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