TED talk- ocean and exploration

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TED talk- ocean and exploration

• http//www.ted.com/talks/deep_ocean_mysteries_and_
  wonders.html

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What is the Scientific Method
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Scientific Method Steps
Your Defn You your Partner Defn Class Defn
1. Hypothesis
2. Control Group
3. Experimental Group
4. Independent Variable
5. Dependent Variable
6. Analysis
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Scientific Method

• How do scientists investigate the world?
• 1. Observation poses a question
• 2. Hypothesis suggested explanation for the way
  something functions
• -Reject or Fail to Reject
• -Never proven true
• 3. Prediction-what will happen in an experiment
  if the hypothesis is true
• 4. Test (experiment)
• 5. Analyze Data- Graphs, tables, figures
• 6. Conclusion re-evaluate the hypothesis, form
  new questions.

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The Experiment

• 1. Control Group
• Receive NO treatments
• 2. Experimental group
• Identical to control group except for one factor
• that it receives some kind of treatment
  (independent variable)

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The Experiment

• Test one variable at a time
• Something that YOU can change/manipulate
• ID the Variable
• Keeping the lights on for a different amounts of
  time each day affect the number of eggs chickens
  laid.
• Studying more for marine science class to see how
  you do on your exam.

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2 types of Variables

• Independent variable- the factor that is CHANGED
  in the experiment (this is what you have control
  over)
• Dependent variable- because the independent
  variable is changed, this factor could become
  changed.
• (When making graph DRY MIX)

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Table vs. Figure

• A Table iswell, a table containing the data

• Figures are everything else (graphs, drawings,
  maps, etc)

Figure 9. Although no whales were seen around the
ship while on site, whale songs were frequently
observed on the seafloor seismometer
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Tables vs. Figures

• In Common
• Labels Unit of measurement
• Mass (grams)
• Self explanatory titles
• Bad Results of Apple Tree Experiment
• Good The Effect of Temperature on the Change in
  Height of Apple Trees Over a Ten Year Period
• Be able pick out Dependent variable, Independent
  variable, and Subjects

• Differences
• Table- title goes on the TOP
• Figure- Title goes UNDERNEATH the figure
• Graphs- on graph paper
• Do not crowd on the paper so that it is hard to
  read

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Making a table Labels, units, Title on top
Table 1. Students length of study time for Mrs.
Ms science exam and their resulting grade.
Study Time (minutes) Grades (numerical)
10 65
30 75
50 85
60 95

• The more you study for Mrs. Ms science test, the
  better the grade you get.
• IV-study DV-Grade
• Data Table
• Labels
• Units

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GRAPH labels, unit, title on bottom,

• 95 YDV
• 85
• 75
• 65
• 
  0 10 20 30 40 50
  60 XIV
• 
  Time Study (minutes)
• Figure 1. Showing how long students study for
  Mrs. Ms science exam and the resulting grade.

Grade ()
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Scientific Method

• Science is a process, it changes!
• Revision of theories
• Keeping up with current trends finding
• Base your ethical evaluation on accurate
  information
• Vote and voice opinion on reality NOT
  misconceptions

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Theories

• Explanation based on many observations during
  repeated experiments
• Can be changed or modified with discovery of new
  data
• NO theory is considered absolute truth
• explanation of a set of related observations or
  events based upon proven hypotheses and verified
  multiple times by detached groups of researchers.
  (one scientist cannot form a theory)

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Law

• Basic fact that describes behavior of natural
  phenomenon
• Rule of Nature even if cause is unknown
• Ex Newtons laws of motion
• statement of fact meant to describe, in concise
  terms, an action or set of actions.
• generally accepted to be true and universal, and
  can sometimes be expressed in terms of single
  mathematical equation

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Science

• Curiosity, skepticism, open-mindedness, and
  creativity help generate new ideas
• Solve practical problems, new technology

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Communicating Results

• Vital to modern science
• Peer review done by independent, anonymous
  experts
• Then published which allows researchers to share
  ideas and to test and evaluate each others work
  (like your lab reports)
• MUST AVOID BIAS NO PERSONAL VIEWPOINTS

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Unit 1 Importance of Ocean Exploration

• Chap 1 Introduction to Marine Science
• Chap 2 History of Ocean Exploration

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Why is studying the ocean important?

• Covers 71 of the planet
• Physical Importance
• Weather, climate, waves, tides
• Biological Importance
• Productivity the amount of food marine
  organisms can produce
• Seafood, medicines, research
• Oxygen
• Oil Natural resources

• Human Impact
• Pollution
• Overfishing
• Coral reef decline

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What is Oceanography?

• Oceanography
• The study of the oceans and their phenomena
• 4 Main Branches
• Chemistry
• Physics
• Geology
• Biology

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What is Marine Science?

• Topics Covered will include
• Origin of the Oceans
• Properties of Water
• Chemical
• Physical
• Currents Tidal Patterns
• Geology
• Ecosystems Habitats
• Marine Biology Biodiversity
• Inverts
• Verts

• This Course will allow you to
• understand consequences of interactions with the
  sea
• speak vote for marine preservation
• Be part of the solution to many problems
• Be a more capable person who contributes to
  society.

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Ocean Explorers

• What is a scientist after all? It is a curious
  man looking through a keyhole, the keyhole of
  nature, trying to know what's going on. Jacques
  Yves Cousteau

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MS Explorers Project TIMELINE

• Egyptians
• Phoenicians
• Polynesians
• Greeks
• Vikings Chinese

• Columbus, Vesp., Balboa
• Magellan Drake
• Cook
• Matthew Maury
• Darwin Challenger
• G. Meteor, Atlantis, Chall II

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RUBRIC

• Title- Explorer Year, Neat, top center
• List all major contributions to oceanography
• 1 larger picture/graphic that depicts a major
  contribution by that group
• Overall, neat, easy to read (large font),
  colorful,
• Presentation-

• DETAILS
• 20 minutes in class to work on
• Begin presentations today?
• Finish up tomorrow.

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Ocean Pioneers

• Egyptians 4000 B.C.
• Developed sailboats to use in the Mediterranean
• 1800 B.C. measurement of depths with anchor
  lines
• Polynesians 3000 B.C.
• Colonize South Pacific islands
• Lash together 2 canoes with crossbeams deck
• 1st open ocean seafaring beyond the sight of land

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Early Exploration

• Phoenicians, 600 B.C.
• Sea routes around the Mediterranean
• Understood celestial navigation
• Sailed via the Constellations North Star. How
  do you find the NS?
• NOT the brightest start
• Its the one that doesnt move.

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Early Exploration

• The Greeks
• developed trade routes using the length of day to
  estimate latitude
• publishes a map of the Mediterranean
• North Star is used to navigate
• Invented 1st latitude/longitude system
• Understood earth was a sphere

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European Exploration

• The Vikings
• A.D. 700 A.D. 1000
• Pillaged Europe using sturdy, fast boats
• Colonized Iceland, Greenland Newfoundland

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Oh the places they will go

• Columbus, 1492
• Looks for a sea route to the Indies
• Vasco Nunez de Balboa
• Sailed through the
  Isthmus of
  Panama
• First European to sail
  the
  Pacific Ocean
• Magellan, 1520
• Sailed around the
  southern tip of S.
  America
• Circumnavigates globe

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European Exploration

• James Cook, 1770s
• Explorations looking for Antarctica
• Instead, found NZ, Hawaii, South Pacific islands
• Darwin, 1831
• Sails to the Galapagos around the world
• Studied coral reefs around South America
• Forbes, 1858
• Can anything live
  on the bottom of the ocean?

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The Challenger Expedition

• 1872 1876
• First trip to focus entirely on marine science
• Sediment samples
• Water samples
• Depth soundings
• Biological collection

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The 1900s

• German Meteor Expedition (1925)
• Discover Mid-Atlantic Ridge using echo sounders
  ocean isnt flat!
• Underwater Habitats
  (1960s) Cousteau
• Spend 7-10 days under
  water
• Challenger II (1951)
• Discovers deepest
  point Challenger
  Deep

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20th Century Exploration tools

• Oceanography in the last 60 years

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Marine Laboratories

• Woods Hole (MA)
• Scripps (CA)
• Mote Marine Harbor Branch (FL)
• Friday Harbor (WA)
• Duke (NC)
• FAU Harbor Branch (FL)

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Thats a lot of exploring whats left?

• The abyss

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Submersibles

• Bathysphere
• Spherical diving apparatus lowered via cable
• Bathyscaphe
• Free-diving, self-propelled submarine
• Works with a gasoline float

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1960 trieste dive vs James Cameron 2012

• http//deepseachallenge.com/the-expedition/1960-di
  ve/?sourcecameron_sub_news

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v0mBG0LbAoqk

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Marianas Trench

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vY2tm40uMhDIfeature
  relmfu

• 7 mile descent in 1 minutes

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Submersibles

• Alvin
• 3-person capacity
• Self-propelled, battery powered
• Expeditions
• Giant tubeworms in Pacific
• Titanic wreck
• Search for giant squid

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ROVs (Robots)

• Remotely operated vehicles
• Tethered underwater robot
• Often equipped with
• Lights, Cameras, SONAR, Water samplers, etc.
• Ex barrel eyed fish video

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Self-Contained Diving
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Jacques Cousteau
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Underwater Habitation

• Aquarius- Why live under water?
• Research/observation
• Resources (oil, hydrates, pharmaceuticals, etc.)
• Archaeology
• Defense
• Permanent habitation

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Aquarius Video

• http//oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/diving/aq
  uarius/media/movies/aquarius_qt720.html
• 4 min
• Website
• http//aquarius.uncw.edu/

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Oceanographic Tools

• How we study the ocean

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Oceanographic Tools

• Thermometer
• temp
• Hydrometer Refractometer
• Measures salinity density

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Oceanographic Tools

• Nets
• Seine (Sayn)
• Purse-Seine
• Cast
• Dip
• Plankton

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Nets Continued
Dip Net
Plankton Tow
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Secchi Disc Bottom Trawl/Dredge

• Black White disc
• Measures Turbidity Clarity of water

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Core Sampler

• Collects water or soil in a column format
• See layers
• Under ocean
• Analyze sediment
• Type
• Age