EXAMINATION OF MODERN SANITARY LANDFILLS W. Gregory Vogt Chair, Sanitary Landfill Working Group, ISWA Vice President, SCS Engineers

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EXAMINATION OF MODERN SANITARY LANDFILLSW.
Gregory VogtChair, Sanitary Landfill Working
Group, ISWAVice President, SCS Engineers
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Major Challenges

• Acceptance and Approvals for
• Facility Expansions
• Siting New Facilities
• Operational Practices
• Regulatory Enforcement

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Expansions and New Facilities

• Few New Sites Receive Approvals
• Public is More Organized Against But Understands
  the Need
• Large Expansions and Quarry Fills
• Stabilization Concerns

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Expansions and New Facilities

• Closure of Poorly Located Sites
• Large, New Regional Facilities, Larger Equipment,
  Rail Access
• Leachate Recirculation Combined with Better
  Compaction
• New Landfills Atop Old Landfills
• New Structures Atop Old Landfills

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Biogas Migration Protection
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Robust Foundation Designs
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California Office Park
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Operating Practices

• Control of Moisture (Liquids)
• Promoting Run-off
• Work Areas
• Cover Application
• Weather Issues
• Problem Wastes
• Environmental Controls (Birds, Dust, Litter,
  Vectors, Odor)
• Landfill Biogas

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Moisture Control

• Keep Liquid Wastes Out
• Good Compaction
• Reach Final Elevation Quickly
• Apply Effective Intermediate and Final Cover

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Waste In Trench Landfill
Trench landfills not approved in most countries
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Ponding
. . . Infiltrates the waste mass
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Ponding Causes Leachate
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Promote Run-Off

• Eliminate Ponding (Depressions)
• Divert Water From Wastes
• Control Run-On

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Run-on/Run-off Controls
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Run-on/Run-off Controls
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Run-off Control
. . . By Grade Breaks
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Stormwater Interception
. . . Direct Run-off
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Flooded Cell
. . . Requires Pumping
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Dont Forget Road Drainage
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Run-Off to Sediment Basin
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Basin With Run-off
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Slope Erosion
. . . Collected
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Basin Collects Sediment
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Erosion Control Silt Fence
. . . Impacting Working Face and Compaction
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Erosion Control Rip-rap Ditch
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Erosion Control Jute Matting
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Management of Work Areas

• Controlled Working Face
• Compaction
• Cell Construction

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Uncontrolled Working Face
Poor Compactor Practice
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Small Working Face
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Compaction

• Generally Work Up The Slope
• Keep Layers To 1 Meter - Loose
• Maintain Proper Slope
• 31 (Horiz Vert) Maximum
• Efficiency 3 - 5 Passes

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Compaction Efficiency - Depth
Thickness of Layer
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Compaction Efficiency With Number Of Passes
Number of Passes
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Cell Construction
Layer Thickness
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Cell Construction
Working Face Cover
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Cell Construction
Layer Thickness
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Landfill Cover

• Daily
• Alternative Daily Covers
• Intermediate
• Final

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Daily Cover

• Sanitary Landfill Requires
• Control Litter, Odors and Vermin
• Fire Protection
• Generally 15 cm Compacted Soil

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Forget the Daily Cover?
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Daily Soil Cover
Stockpile . . . Even in the Winter
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Alternate Daily Cover (ADC)

• Foams
• Slurries
• Blankets/Tarps
• Shredded Waste (e.g., Tires)
• Ash and Residues
• Contaminated Soils
• Compost

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ADC Foam Daily Cover
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Tarp On Roller
. . . Note Assistant
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Tarp Roller
Attachment to Compactor
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Intermediate Cover

• The Same As Daily Cover Plus
• At Least 0.3 meters (Soil)
• Reduce Infiltration
• Control Gas Migration
• Provide Operating Surface

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Final Cover

• As Specified In Permit
• Final Control of Infiltration and Gas
• Support Vegetative Growth

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Landfill Biogas
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Monitoring Wells
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Biogas Sampling Well
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Gas Monitoring Well
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Methane and Biogas Meter
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Methane Sample Instrument
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Biogas Management Options

• Venting to Atmosphere
• Flare Burning
• Incineration (Controlled Process)
• Recovery as an Energy Source

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Active Biogas Control
Gas Well Connected to Collection Pipe
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Active Collection System
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Biogas Extraction Well
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Active Biogas Systems
Collection Pipe With Supports
. . . Water is Maintenance Item
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Active Biogas Systems
Blower for Vacuum
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Active Biogas Extraction
Blowers and Controls
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Passive Biogas Systems
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Passive Biogas Systems
Open Pipe Vented to Atmosphere
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Potential for Biogas Recovery

• 1,000,000 Tons of Waste Minimum
• Site Closed Less Than 5 Years
• 12 meters Minimum Average Depth
• Impermeable Cover

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LFG Use Options

• Sale of Generated Electricity
• Sale as Natural Gas Alternative
• Burn in Flare
• Value of Carbon Credits

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Electricity From Biogas
Large Equipment
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Electric Power Units
. . . Or Portable Units
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Burn in Flare

• No Treatment
• No Energy Recovery
• Still Requires Water Removal

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Enclosed Flare Candle Flare
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Regulatory Enforcement Documents

• Permits
• Approved Plans and Specifications
• Variances
• Compliance Agreements

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Types of Plans

• Design Plans - Design Engineer
• Operating Plans - Landfill Manager

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Summary

• Gain Acceptance from the Public Through Use of
  Good Engineering Design and Regulatory Compliance
  
• Design and Operations Must Address Control of All
  Landfill Issues (odors, contamination)
• Regulators, Inspectors, and Landfill Operators
  Should Receive Training