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Human Body Systems

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Title: Human Body Systems


1
Human Body Systems
2
Human Body SystemsTHE DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER WAY
  • Digestive
  • Respiratory
  • Integumentary
  • Immune
  • Lymphatic
  • Muscular
  • Circulatory
  • Skeletal
  • Nervous
  • Endocrine
  • Excretory
  • Reproductive

And Levels of Organization
3
Believe it or not, you are organized!
http//www.parentingpress.com/pics/sock_cvr.jpg
  • The main levels of organization are
  • Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, and You
    (the Organism).

4
Can you identify label the 3 levels of
organization shown here?
Well, at least your body is!
5
Levels of Organization The Human Body has
several layers of organization beginning with
the simplest and becoming more complex.
Answers to previous slide cell, tissue, organ
(small intestine).
http//www.bmb.psu.edu/courses/bisci004a/chem/leve
ls.jpg
6
Here They Are Your Body Systems (Part 1).
http//www.agen.ufl.edu/chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19
/147a.gif
7
And Your Body Systems (Part 2)
http//www.agen.ufl.edu/chyn/age2062/lect/lect_19
/lect_19.htm
8
So Lets Begin!
9
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER PresentsYour Digestive System
10
Your digestive system is like a complicated
chemical processing plant, and performs many
functions.
11
What major tasks does your digestive system help
you accomplish?
12
Your Digestive System
  • breaks down food into molecules the body can
    absorb.
  • passes these molecules into the blood to be
    carried throughout the body.
  • works to eliminate solid wastes from the body.

13
The Parts of Your Digestive System
How well do you know them?
14
Label the parts of your digestive system on your
handout then correct them using the following
slide.
15
Parts of Your Digestive System
16
Now for the Digestive Journey
17
The Digestive Journey
  • Digestion begins in your mouth with action of
    your teeth and tongue (mechanical digestion) and
    your salivary glands (chemical digestion).
  • The salivary glands produce enzymes that are
    mixed with the food, breaking down the starches.
    Peristalsis is the muscular action that moves the
    food through the esophagus and into your stomach
    after you swallow.

18
Your Stomach
The food moves into your stomach, which contains
chemicals that break down biomolecules like
proteins and lipids. Your stomach releases these
materials into the upper small intestine
(duodenum), where digestion is completed. Your
stomach also has a thick coating of mucus to
protect it form the acids and to keep it from
digesting itself!
19
By the way, your stomach really does look like a
muscular bag!
20
Your Liver, Pancreas, and Gall Bladder
Located in the upper portion of your abdomen,
your liver is the largest organ of your body. It
is like a busy chemical factory that plays many
roles such as breaking down toxins and producing
bile--a substance that helps break down fat. The
bile is stored in the gall bladder. The pancreas
lies between the stomach and the duodenum and
produces enzymes that flow into the small
intestines, helping to break up complex starches,
proteins, and fats.
21
Your Small Large Intestines
After the solid food has been digested it passes
into the small intestines. In the small
intestines all the nutrients are absorbed leaving
undigestible wastes. These wastes pass into the
large intestines, where water is removed. Then
the wastes are stored in the rectum until they
are released by the anus as feces.
22
Cross Section of Your Intestines
The Villi add surface area to increase absorption
of food and nutrients. On the left you see how
the villi line your small intestines, and on the
right you see 1 villi with its capillaries.
23
Its a (Intestinal) Gas, Baby!
  • The human large intestine, or colon, is home to
    many microorganisms, such as the bacterium
    Escherischia coli (E. coli). Certain foods
    contain large amounts of carbohydrates that our
    digestive enzymes cannot break down.
  • When these carbohydrates reach the large
    intestine, our gut microbes respond by "having a
    party (reproducing rapidly, giving off gases
    such as methane and hydrogen sulfide as natural
    by-products of their activities). This is the
    cause of the discomfort and flatulence associated
    with eating beans, cabbage, and other
    gas-promoting foods.

Web Sources and Resources http//www.colorado.e
du/epob/academics/web_resources/cartoons/gas.html
24
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER PresentsYour Respiratory
System
25
The Functions of Your Respiratory System
  • Your respiratory system moves oxygen from the
    outside environment into your body. It also
    removes carbon dioxide and water from your body
    (this image shows all the tiny bronchioles that
    carry air into your alveoli for gas exchange).

26
The Path of Air
Please label the parts of your respiratory system
on your handout. Can you describe the path that
air takes as it enters and leaves your body?
27
Check Your Answers Here.
28
How You Breathe 1 The Diaphragm
29
How You Breathe 2 The Alveoli
30
The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Working
Together.
  • Working together the respiratory and circulatory
    systems form the cardio-pulmonary system, which
    is an integral connection between the heart and
    lungs.

31
The Cardio-Pulmonary System
32
Respiratory Disease Pneumonia
  • Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the
    lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or
    virus. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling
    vomit or other foreign substances.

Web Sources and Resources www.medimagery.com/Respi
ration/ lungs.html
33
Respiratory Disease Lung Cancer
The cancerous lung (right) shows how much damage
smoking can do over time to your respiratory
system.
34
X-Rays can help detect cancer, and surgery and
radiation are some treatments for the disease.
Web Sources and Resources www.smm.org/heart/lesson
s/ lesson11.htm
35
Please Take Care of Your Lungs and Dont Smoke
Web Sources and Resources Usborne Science
Encyclopedia pgs. and Quicklink Images
36
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER PresentsYour Integumentary
System
(Its Your Skin!)
37
Your skin .
  • Covers your body
  • Prevents water loss
  • Protects the body from injury and infection
  • eliminates wastes

38
Your skin .
  • gathers information about the environment
  • produces vitamin D
  • Helps regulate body temperature
  • The skin is organized into two main layers, the
    epidermis and the dermis.

39
Can You Name the Parts of Your Skin?
40
Skin Anatomy
41
What is Botox?
Botox is the commercial name given to a toxin
which is produced from botulism toxin. Botox is
injected into a muscle to cause temporary
(months) paralysis of that muscle. This helps
prevent the appearance of wrinkles.
42
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER PresentsYour Immune System
43
Your Immune System
  • Your Immune system protects you from foreign
    invaders. Special cells react to each kind of
    pathogen with a defense targeted specifically at
    that pathogen.

http//www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpre
s/introduction.html
44
Your Immune System Has Many Specialized Cells!
  • White blood cells that target specific pathogens
    are called lymphocytes. There are two major kinds
    of lymphocytesT cells and B cells.
  • T cells identify pathogens.
  • B cells produce chemicals called antibodies.

45
How Your Immune System Works
  • Our immune system protects us against threats.
    These include viruses, bacteria and parasites
    causing infectious diseases, from ordinary flu to
    full-blown malaria. The white blood cells of the
    defense system are produced in the marrow of our
    bones. The cells are carried in the blood to
    specialized organs, where they develop and
    communicate to launch immune responses against
    infections.
  • http//www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1996/illpre
    s/introduction.html

46
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Lymphatic
System
47
The Functions of Your Lymphatic System
  • Your lymphatic system and the cardiovascular
    system are closely related systems that are
    joined by a capillary system. The lymphatic
    system is important to the body's defense
    mechanisms. It filters out organisms that cause
    disease, produces certain white blood cells and
    makes antibodies. It is also important for the
    distribution of fluids and nutrients in the body,
    because it drains excess fluids and protein so
    that tissues do not swell up.

48
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Muscular System
49
Types of Muscles
  • Your body has three types of muscle
    tissueskeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and
    cardiac muscle.

50
Skeletal Muscle
  • Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of
    your skeleton. A tendon is a strong connective
    tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Note
    ligaments connect bones together.

51
Smooth Muscle
  • Smooth muscles are called involuntary muscles
    because they work automatically.

52
Cardiac Muscle
  • Cardiac muscles are involuntary muscles found
    only in the heart. Cardiac muscles do not get
    tired.

A Cardiac Muscle Cell
53
Voluntary Muscles
  • The muscles that you directly control are called
    voluntary muscles. Smiling and turning the pages
    in a book are actions of voluntary muscles

54
Involuntary Muscle Action
  • The muscles that are not under your conscious
    control are called involuntary muscles. Your
    colon (left) is lined with smooth muscle, and
    your heart (right) is comprised of cardiac muscle
    which works automatically pumping blood around
    your body.

55
How Do Muscles Work?
  • Muscles work by contracting, or becoming shorter
    and thicker. Because muscle cells can only
    contract, not extend, skeletal muscles must work
    in pairs. While one muscle contracts, the other
    muscle in the pair returns to its normal length.
  • For example, in order to move the lower arm, the
    biceps muscle contracts to bend the elbow. To
    straighten the elbow, the triceps muscle
    contracts while the biceps returns to normal.

56
Anatomy Of A Muscle
57
Can You Name the Major Muscles of your Body. Try
It!
58
Some More Muscles
59
Some Major Voluntary Muscles
60
Some Really Big Muscles!
61
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Skeletal System
62
Your Skeletons Functions
  • Your skeleton has five major functions
  • provides shape and support
  • enables you to move
  • protects your internal organs
  • produces blood cells
  • stores certain materials until your body needs
    them

63
The Structure of Bone
  • A thin, tough membrane covers all of a bone
    except the ends. Blood vessels and nerves enter
    and leave the bone through the membrane. Beneath
    the membrane is a layer of compact bone, which is
    hard and dense, but not solid. Small canals run
    through the compact bone, carrying blood vessels
    and nerves from the bones surface to the living
    cells within the bone. Just inside the compact
    bone is a layer of spongy bone, which has many
    small spaces within it.

64
Bone Anatomy
Bone cells are called osteocytes
65
Cartilage
  • Cartilage provides a smooth surface between bones
    or sometimes a more flexible extension of bone,
    as in the tip of your nose. As an infant, much of
    your skeleton was cartilage. By the time you stop
    growing, most of the cartilage will have been
    replaced with hard bone tissue.

66
Joints
  • A joint is a place in the body where two bones
    come together. Joints allow bones to move in
    different ways. Immovable joints connect bones in
    a way that allows little or no movement. Movable
    joints allow the body to make a wide range of
    movements. Movable joints include ball-and-
    socket joints, pivot joints, hinge joints, and
    gliding joints. The bones in movable joints are
    held together by a strong connective tissue
    called a ligament.

67
Take Care of Your Bones!
  • A combination of a balanced diet and regular
    exercise can start you on the way to a lifetime
    of healthy bones.

68
Do You Know Your Bones?
  • Fill in the blanks on the next slide or on your
    handout, and check the following slide for the
    answers.

69
Label the missing Bones
70
How Did You Do?
71
Osteoporosis
  • Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become
    fragile and more likely to break. A healthy diet
    rich in Calcium can help prevent osteoporosis.

72
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Circulatory
System
73
Your Circulatory System is Responsible for
Delivering and Removing Materials from Every Cell
in Your Body
Web Sources and Resources Usborne Human Body
Quicklinks
74
Blood
  • Blood is the fluid of life, transporting oxygen
    from the lungs to body tissue and carbon dioxide
    from body tissue to the lungs.
  • Because it contains living cells, blood is alive.
    Red blood cells and white blood cells are
    responsible for nourishing, cleansing, and
    protecting the body.
  • About half of blood is plasma, a straw-colored
    clear liquid. The liquid plasma carries the solid
    cells and the platelets which help blood clot.
    Without blood platelets, you would bleed to
    death.

75
Can You Name The Major Parts of Your Heart and
Trace Its Blood Flow? Try It.
76
Now Check To See How You Did.
77
Heart Dissections
  • Your Heart is a Very Muscular Organ!

78
Amazing Heart Facts
  • Put your hand on your heart. Did you place your
    hand on the left side of your chest? Many people
    do, but the heart is actually located almost in
    the center of the chest, between the lungs. It's
    tipped slightly so that a part of it sticks out
    and taps against the left side of the chest,
    which is what makes it seem as though it is
    located there.

79
Amazing Heart Facts
Hold out your hand and make a fist. If you're a
kid, your heart is about the same size as your
fist, and if you're an adult, it's about the same
size as two fists.

80
Amazing Heart Facts
  • Your heart beats about 100,000 times in one day
    and about 35 million times in a year. During an
    average lifetime, the human heart will beat more
    than 2.5 billion times.

The aorta, the largest artery in the body, is
almost the diameter of a garden hose. Capillaries
are the smallest blood vessels. They are so small
that it takes ten of them to equal the thickness
of a human hair.
81
Its on to the Nervous System
82
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Nervous System
  • Your nervous system receives information about
    what is happening both inside and outside your
    body. It also directs the way in which your body
    responds to this information. In addition, the
    nervous system helps maintain homeostasis.

83
Your Nervous System
  • Your nervous system consists of the central and
    peripheral systems. The central nervous system
    (CNS), includes the brain and spinal cord the
    peripheral system includes the nerves to the rest
    of the body.

84
What Is Homeostasis?
  • Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of the
    internal environment within tolerable limits.
  • Factors that affect homeostasis in our body
    include
  • Temperature
  • Salinity (salt content)
  • Acidity
  • Concentrations of nutrients and wastes

85
Homeostasis in the Human Body
  • When a change occurs in the body, there are two
    general ways that the body can respond
  • negative feedback--the body responds in a way
    that reverses the change. Because this tends to
    keep things constant, it allows us to maintain
    homeostasis.
  • positive feedback--the response is to change the
    variable even more in the same direction. This
    causes instability, so it does not result in
    homeostasis.

86
Negative Feedback
  • To illustrate negative feedback, we can use the
    example of a driver trying to stay near the speed
    limit. The speed goal is 55 mph. The control
    center monitors the speed change and compares it
    with the goal speed goal. Here, the control
    center is the driver. If the speed changes from
    the speed goal, the control center (driver) will
    reverse the change.

87
Negative Feedback in your body
  • The body temperature goal is 98.6 degrees.
  • for body temperature, the control center is the
    brain.
  • To control body temperature, the brain sends
    messages to glands to produce sweat and to
    muscles that shiver.

88
Neurons
  • The cells that carry information through your
    nervous system are called neurons. A neuron has
    a large cell body that contains the nucleus. The
    cell body has threadlike extensions. One kind of
    extension, a dendrite, carries impulses toward
    the cell body. An axon carries impulses away from
    the cell body.

89
The Anatomy of a Neuron
90
A NEURON viewed under a electron microscope. Can
you locate the cell body, axon, and dendrites?
91
Central Peripheral Nervous Systems Working
Together
  • The yellow parts are CNS parts and the purple are
    parts of your peripheral nervous system.

92
Your Brain- The Command Center
  • The human brain is a complex organ that allows
    us to think, move, feel, see, hear, taste, and
    smell. It controls our body, receives
    information, analyzes information, and stores
    information (our memories).

93
Most nerve signals are interpreted by your brain
and motor nerves then carry out your instructions.
94
The Stroop Effect- Your Brain Can Get Confused!
  • TRY IT!- The famous "Stroop Effect" is named
    after J. Ridley Stroop who discovered this
    strange phenomenon in the 1930s. Here is your
    job name the colors of the following words. Do
    NOT read the words...rather, say the color of the
    words. For example, for the word BLUE, you should
    say "RED". Say the colors as fast as you can. It
    is not as easy as you might think!

95
Major Brain Sections
cerebrum
cerebellum
brain stem
96
Your Brain Has Very Complicated Anatomy All Its
Own!
97
Ouch! In the movie MATRIX, Neo and the others
are plugged into the matrix through their CNS
!(Central Nervous System)
98
Your Senses Are Your Nervous Systems Bridge to
the Outside World
Sight, Taste, Touch, Hearing, Smell
Web Sources and Resources Usborne Science
Encyclopedia pgs. 370-375 and Quicklink Images
99
Quick Quiz
  • How well do you know your own nervous system?
    Fill in the blanks on the slides that follow.
    Then go back and check your work if needed.

100
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101
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102
Which Way Does The Impulse Travel?
103
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Endocrine
System
  • The endocrine system is a collection of special
    organs in the body that produce hormones. These
    organs are usually called the "glands." They are
    located in different parts of the body. For
    example, the pituitary is in the brain, the
    thyroid is in the neck, the adrenal glands are
    just alone the kidneys and the sexual glands
    (ovaries and testes) are located in the sexual
    organs. Each gland produces a hormone into the
    blood, which travels all through the body.
    Hormones regulate our body activities, for
    example growth, sleep, sudden actions, feelings
    and blood sugar for energy.

104
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Excretory
System
  • Your excretory system collects wastes produced by
    cells and removes these wastes from your body.
    The removal process is known as excretion.

105
The Kidneys
  • The two kidneys are the major organs of the
    excretory system. The kidneys filter your blood
    and remove urea, excess water, and some other
    waste materials from your blood. Urea is a
    chemical that comes from the breakdown of
    proteins. The filtering process produces a watery
    fluid called urine.

106
Your Excretory System
107
Kidney Stones
  • Kidney stones are created when certain substances
    in urine -- including calcium and uric acid --
    crystallize and the crystals clump together.
    Usually, they form in the center of the kidney,
    where urine collects before flowing into the
    ureter, the tube that leads to the bladder. Small
    stones are able to pass out of the body in the
    urine and often go completely unnoticed. But
    larger stones irritate and stretch the ureter as
    they move toward the bladder, causing
    excruciating pain and blocking the flow of urine.

108
DR. I.I.L. MCSNEER Presents Your Reproductive
System
109
The Female Reproductive System
  • The role of the female reproductive system is to
    produce eggs, and if an egg is fertilized, to
    nourish a developing baby until birth.

110
The Menstrual Cycle
  • During the menstrual cycle, an egg develops in an
    ovary. At the same time, the uterus prepares for
    the arrival of the fertilized egg. Once the egg
    is released, it can be fertilized for the next
    few days if sperm are present in the oviduct. If
    the egg is not fertilized, it begins to break
    down, and it passes out of the vagina along with
    some tissue from the lining of the uterus in a
    process called menstruation.

111
Can you name the parts of the female reproductive
system? Check your answers on the following page.
112
The Female Reproductive System
113
The Male Reproductive System
  • Produces sperm- tiny gametes containing
    chromosomes that can swim to fertilize the egg,
    and the hormone testosterone, which controls the
    development of the males physical
    characteristics.

114
Can you name the parts of the male reproductive
system? Check your answers on the following page.
115
The Male Reproductive System
116
Fertilization
  • Takes place when sperm egg merge.

117
Thank You For Visiting Human Body Systems by DR.
I.I.L. MCSNEER!
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