Reconstruction: The Second Civil War (1865-1877)

1
Reconstruction The Second Civil War (1865-1877)
2
Essay Questions (one of the following 2 questions
are mandatory during the test)

• Describe the hardships the following groups had
  to endure during Reconstruction Freedmen,
  Presidential Branch, The South
• List and describe the successes and failures of
  Reconstruction

3
The Results of the War

• The death of Abraham Lincoln placed the South in
  a dire situation
• Lincoln would have been able to handle the storm
  that was coming

4
The Results of the War

• 2/3 of the Souths shipping is destroyed
• 9,000 miles of Railroad is destroyed
• Property value in the south went down by 70
• The loss of slavery was a 2 Billion dollar
  industry each year (thats 30 Billion in todays
  money yearly)
• The NFL will make nearly 6 Billion in a year

5
(No Transcript)
6
The Results of the War

• In terms of manpower, the North lost 364,000
  soldiers and the South lost 260,000
• 1 out of every 5 southern males were dead
• Both sides were still very bitter and did not
  embrace each other warmly

7
The New South

• 1. Black Southerners 4 million freed slaves
  are now roaming about the South
• Very few leave because of the lack of money, and
  familiarity with the area

8
The New South

• 2. Plantation owners loose their 2 Billion
  dollar industry
• Also, the Abandoned Property Act of 1863 places
  many plantations in the hands of the United
  States government
• 3. Poor White southerners now have to rebuild,
  find a new job, and now compete with 4 million
  freed slaves

9
Two PlansLincoln/Johnson
10
Two Plans

• Many questions were proposed at the ending of the
  Civil War
• Lincoln started to draft plans for the healing of
  the nation
• How should the South re-enter?
• Should the South be punished? If so, how bad?
• What to do with the freed slaves (Equal Rights)?
• Which branch of government has the authority on
  these questions?

11
Two Plans

• Lincoln
• 1. Pardon is offered to any Confederate that
  swears an oath of allegiance
• 2. No pardons to Confederates that killed
  African-Americans

• Johnson
• 1. Pardon to all the swear allegiance
• 2. States were to void secession, abolish
  slavery, and ratify the 13th Amendment

12
Two Plans

• Lincoln
• 3. Re-admittance to the Union with a
  constitutional convention with 10 allegiance
• 4. Full participation in government could resume
  once these requirements are met

• Johnson
• 3. Constitution convention (did not need the
  10)
• 4. Full participation in government too

13

• This was called Presidential Reconstruction
• If Lincoln had not been assassinated, he would
  have been able to oversee this process better
• His temperament and political clout would have
  ensured this
• Johnson was never seen as a leader because he was
  never chosen, he fell into the office of
  President
• Also, he was a nasty man with little temperament
  and did not know how to hold his tongue

14
Congressional Reconstruction

• For the most part, just Swallowing the Dog was
  not good enough they wanted their pound of flesh
  too
• A group of Congressmen calling themselves the
  Radical Republicans saw this as a challenge to
  the Legislative Branch

15
Congressional Reconstruction

• This battle was already brewing prior to the
  death of Lincoln
• In July 1864, the Congress passed the Wade-Davis
  Act
• It was a far stricter plan towards the South

16
Congressional Reconstruction

• Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania (left) and
  Charles Sumner of Massachusetts (right) were the
  leaders of the Radical Republicans

17
More Opposition

• President Johnson had more problems than just the
  Radical Republicans
• Southern governments were finding ways of
  preserving their way of life, The Black Codes

18
The Black Codes

• Curfews Freedmen were not allowed to gather
  after sunset
• Vagrancy Convicted for not working (fines,
  whippings, prison)
• Labor Contracts Had to sign for one year, paid
  at the end of the year, quitting and being
  removed would forfeit all wages earned

19
The Black Codes

• Freedmen were not permitted to own guns
• Freedmen were not allowed to rent land/homes in
  rural areas
• Women were forced to work, no stay at home mothers

20
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

• Johnson and the Congress were fighting back and
  forth over all types of issues
• Finally the Congress found a way to get rid of
  Johnson
• Johnson fired Secretary of State Edwin Stanton

21
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

• The Tenure of Office Act of 1867 limited the
  ability of the President to hire and fire
  government officials
• Johnson did not get the permission of the
  Congress
• When brought to his attention, Johnson refused to
  budge

22
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

• Charged with high crimes and misdemeanors
• Johnson was found not guilty on May 16, 1868 by
  one vote
• The damage is done he is now a lame duck President

23
President U.S. Grant

• Civil War hero
• Honest man
• Served two terms
• 1869-1877
• Considered one of the worst Presidents in US
  History
• Corrupt members of Cabinet, Congress did not like
  him from the start

24
Fighting Back

• The Radicals and the Presidents were able to
  combat the resistance of the South
• The 14th Amendment (1868) Defines citizenship,
  due process, equal protection
• Freedmans Bureau (1865-66) Held aid the new
  population of Freed

25
Fighting Back

• Reconstruction Act of 1867
• 1. South is under military rule
• 2. New state constitutions and new delegates
• 3. All qualified voters were permitted to vote
• 4. Confederate supporters were not permitted to
  vote at the time
• 5. Equal rights of all citizens
• 6. Ratify the 14th Amendment

26
Fighting Back

• 15th Amendment (1870) The right to vote is
  guaranteed regardless of race
• Civil Rights Act of 1875 Freedmens rights are
  protected in public

27
The Rising South

• The South itself had many hardships placed upon
  them
• 1. They lost the war
• 2. Almost the entire war is fought in the South
• 3. Southern way of life is crippled (slavery,
  agriculture)
• 4. Must rebuild, accept Freedmen
• 5. Revenge of the Congress

28
The Rising South

• 6. War profiteers arrived in the south,
  carpetbaggers (men from the north that went to
  the south to make money)
• Scalawags (southerners who support the north
  during and after the Civil War)

29
The Rising South

• The South created the Black Codes along with
  other obvious injustices
• Formal and informal terror groups were created to
  raise fear in those who opposed the traditional
  South
• Blind eyes were drawn at any given point

30
The End

• The end of Reconstruction came without a clear
  victory in the Congress
• 1. South was deeper in debt
• 2. Symbolized corruption of the Grant
  Administration
• 3. Federal Troops were removed
• 4. States blocked Reconstruction policies
• 5. Racial Equality was not fully accepted
  nationally
• 6. Depression of 1873

31
Election of 1876

• Rutherford B. Hayes (bottom) narrowly defeated
  Samuel Tilden
• It went to a commission the deal was Hayes wins,
  Reconstruction ends.