Renewable vehicle fuels

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Renewable vehicle fuels
Sweden fully embraces green technologies
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30 final share of bioenergy - reducing emissions
even during economic growth
Source Swedish Energy Agency, based on data from
Statistics Sweden and Swedish Environmental
Protection Agency
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Ideal place to develop and produce renewable
vehicle fuels

• Access to raw material
• Solid refining know-how
• Large pulp and paper industry, capabilities in
  forest chemistry
• Strong automotive industry
• - truck makers Volvo and Scania
• - car makers Saab and Volvo
• Dedicated test environments

Timber stocks per capita, cubic meters
Source Swedish Forest Industries Federation,
2008
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A great test market for biofuels

• Extensive use of renewable fuels in local
  transport systems
• Green cars account for nearly 40 percent of new
  car sales
• Renewable fuels sold at 35 percent of filling
  stations

Green car sales, of new registrations
Hybrid ethanol bus in Stockholm
Source BIL Sweden
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Alternative vehicle fuels overview
Source Volvo
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Alternative vehicle fuels

• Biogas is a gaseous fuel consisting mainly of the
  hydrocarbon methane. It can be extracted from
  sewage treatment plants, refuse dumps and other
  sources of biologically degradable material. The
  fuel can also be produced by biomass
  gasification.
• Synthetic diesel is a mix of synthetically
  produced hydrocarbons made by gasification of
  biomass. It can be blended into conventional
  diesel and is compatible with many existing
  engines. However, it has lower energy efficiency
  than other synthesis gas products and the current
  production is limited.
• DME dimethyl-ether is the fuel that may offers
  the best total energy efficiency. It can be
  produced from both fossil and bio-renewable raw
  materials and is used in the diesel engine
  without necessitating any major modifications to
  the engine.

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Alternative vehicle fuels

• Methanol/Ethanol are two types of alcohols.
  Methanol is a product of biomass gasification,
  while ethanol is produced by fermentation from
  crops with a high sugar or starch content. They
  can be blended into gasoline and are available
  today. Ethanol has about 55 energy content
  compared to diesel. Methanol can be produced from
  many sources and be used for a variety of
  purposes, but it is also toxic and corrosive and
  has about 45 energy efficiency compared to
  diesel. 
• Biodiesel is a renewable fuel that can be
  produced from a variety of biological raw
  materials such as various oily plants. The
  simplest and quickest way of increasing the use
  of biodiesel and thus reducing emissions of
  carbon dioxide, without any modifications to
  vehicles or engines, is to permit a blend of
  biodiesel in conventional mineral diesel oil.

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Fuel comparison (5best)
Fuel Climate change Energy efficiency Land use Fuel potential Vehicle adaption Fuel cost Fuel infrastructure
Biogas 4-5 3-5 4 5 1 2-3 1
Synthetic diesel 5 3-4 3 3 5 1-3 5
DME 5 4-5 4-5 5 4 2-5 2
Methanol 4-5 3-5 4-5 5 4 2-5 3
Ethanol 1-3 1-3 1-2 3 4 1-3 3
Biodiesel 2 3 1 1 5 3 4
Source Volvo, EUCAR, CONCAWE, JRC
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Alternative processes

• Esterification is a chemical process in which the
  properties, particularly the stability, of raw
  vegetable oils are improved.
• Fermentation is a biological process in which
  material containing sugar is broken down into
  ethanol and carbon dioxide. For use as a
  feedstock, cellulose must first be hydrolysed
  into sugar using enzymes or acids.
• Gasification means that organic material, such as
  biomass, is converted into synthetic gas, which
  is a mixture of hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide.
  The synthetic gas is then used to produce various
  synthetic fuel components.
• Anaerobic digestion is a biological process in
  which organic material is broken down, primarily
  into methane and carbon dioxide.

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Company samples with alternative processes
Chemrec, SunPine
SEKAB
NBE Sweden
Ageratec, Agroetanol, Scandinavian Biogas
Göteborg Energi, Perstorp Oxo, Preem
Läckeby, Malmberg
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Esterfication Biodiesel

• Perstorp Oxo is producing RME (Rapseed Methyl
  Ester), for in-blend in diesel, at a yearly
  capacity of 140 million liters. This is the
  largest RME-plant in Sweden and one of the most
  modern in Europe.
• Ageratec manufacture total solutions for
  biodiesel production with a capacity of 2 000 to
  340 000 liters per day. The company delivers
  equipment from the processing of raw material all
  the way to finished biodiesel.

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Esterfication Biodiesel

• SunPine is building a production plant in Piteå
  to convert crude tall oil (CTO) either to crude
  tall diesel for subsequent hydro processing at a
  refinery into a renewable diesel component or,
  via purification, into standard EN14214
  biodiesel.
• The plant will have a capacity of up to 100
  million liters of crude tall diesel per year. At
  Preem Mild Hydro Cracker in Gothen-burg the crude
  diesel will be hydro treated for biodiesel
  production at the refinery.

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Hydrolysis and fermentation Ethanol

• Agroetanol is the only full-scale producer and
  supplier of cereal-based fuel ethanol in Sweden.
  The production site outside Norrkoping has a
  production capacity of 210 million liters of
  bioethanol. Renewable energy is used in
  processing at the plant which give a favorable
  energy balance and substantially reduces the
  emission of fossil carbon dioxide.

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Hydrolysis and fermentation Ethanol

• SEKAB is mainly active in three areas ethanol,
  chemical transformation and vehicle fuels. SEKAB
  supplies bioethanol for a range of uses from
  Swedens only ethanol plant with manufacturing
  based on raw material from forests. The
  production of bioethanol is a cooperative venture
  together with Domsjö Fabriker.
• NBE Sweden are cooperating with Lund University
  to optimize the extraction of ethanol on an
  industrial scale from various raw materials such
  as wood chips, straw and industrial hemp.The
  cellulose is converted to sugar through the
  addition of sulphuric acid under pressure and
  heat, and is then fermented to produce alcohol,
  after which it is distilled and purified to
  automotive quality ethanol. Biogas is made from
  the by-products of the distillery, and is also
  purified to fulfill the requirements for
  automotive fuel.

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Gasification DME and methanol

• Chemrec is helping pulp and paper mills transform
  into bio-refineries with a unique, proprietary
  black liquor gasification technology. Full
  implementation of the Chemrec technology in all
  Swedish pulp mills would yield about 6 million
  tones of CO2 reduction per year or roughly 10
  of current Swedish CO2 emissions while supplying
  25 of current Swedish automotive fuel
  consumption.
• The technology has potential to globally provide
  a motor fuels equivalent to over 45 billion
  liters of gasoline per year.
• The Chemrec gasification concept has been
  developed in a series of development and
  demonstration plants.

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Gasification Biogas

• Göteborg Energi and Eon will build the worlds
  largest gasification plant for biofuels. The aim
  is to turn about 140 MW of biomass into biogas at
  an efficiency of 70, or 800 GWh per year of gas.
  Most of the remaining energy content will be used
  in the attached district heating system. The
  biogas will be distributed to customers via the
  natural gas grid and used for a variety of
  applications within power heat- , chemicals-
  and transportation fuels production. The final
  output might include upgraded biogas,
  syntheticdiesel, hydrogen and methanol.

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Anaerobic digestion Biogas (230 plants)

• Läckeby Water Group offer products and services
  for water treatment and biogas production. They
  are established in 70 countries with its head
  office in Lund.The company offer all stages of
  treatment, pretreatment, digestion, treatment of
  residues and upgrading of biogas
• Malmberg Group is an independent Swedish
  industrial corporation that designs, installs and
  maintains water treatment plants, energy systems
  and biogas solutions for both Swedish and
  international markets.
• Scandinavian Biogas is active within biogas
  production from all organic materials. The
  company is expanding significantly in a rapidly
  growing market. Customers are mainly found within
  waste water treatment, energy, ethanol, and the
  process environment sector.

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Investment opportunities in Swedish plants and
technologies

• The need for alternative energy solutions has
  increased. Sweden has imposed on itself a far
  more stricter energy policy than agreed within
  EU.
• Sweden are one of the world leaders in bioenergy
  use and technology. The share of biomass in the
  total energy production is the world highest.
• Investment opportunities exists in Swedish plants
  for new vehicle fuels. Sweden will decrease the
  oil use in transportation with 40-50 by 2020.
• Investment opportunities also exists in new
  cellulose based technologies for producing
  ethanol, biodiesel, DME, methanol and biogas.