Human Immunology and

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• Human Immunology and
• Application in Medicine
• ?????????

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• Immunology
• Self-defense
• Pathogens
• Bacteria
• Virus
• Parasites

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• (1) The Mechanism for How to Defense
• (2) How to Strengthen Immune System

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• Edward Jenner and Cowpox Vaccine
• Edward Jenner,M.D.(British)
• 1789 ??????????????(Cowpox Virus),??????????,???
  ???????(Smallpox Virus)??????
• Active Immunisation.

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• 1900 Germany Chemist
• Paul Ehrlich and Ab
• Phytotoxin??????????
• (Antitoxin)???????????
• ---Antibody
• Side Chain Theory
• 1908 Nobel Prize

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• Elie Metchnikoff and Phagocytes
• 1885 Biologist(Russia)
• Elie metchnikoff???????Invetebrates????????Macroph
  agocytes?????????????Cell
• 1908 shared Nobel Prize with Paul Ehrlich

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• Basic Components of
• the Immune System

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Medicine, Drug Chemical Molecule Drug
Receptor-------- Drug-Receptor
Complex------ Pharmacologic Response
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Adverse Reaction Side Effect
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Routes of Drug Administration 1. Oral
Administration 2. Sublingual 3. Rectal 4.
Intravenous 5. Intramuscular 6. Subcutaneous
7. Inhalation
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Classification 1. Chemical Classification
2. Pharmacological Classification
Licenc(s)e System
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1. Viagra (Sildenafil) 2. Amphetamine (1)
Caffeine (2) Morphine (3) Heroine (4)
Codeine
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Adverse Drug Reaction (Side Effect)
Aspirin-----Acidic
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Natural products Purity Standardization
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1. Garlic Garlic is a bulb.It may be used As
dried, powdered,and compressed into a tablet.
Key ComponentAlliin
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Sulfur Content Alliin--------Allicin(odo
r) Cholesterol-Lowering Effect
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2.Chamomile Bisabolol Anti-Inflammatory
Effect Anti-Allergenic Activity
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3.Cranberry Citric,Malic,Benzoic and Qunic
Acids Cranberry Juice has been used as a
UrinaryTract Disinfectant.
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Cranberry makes urine become more
acidic. Inhibition of bacterial growth.
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4.Ginkgo biloba Vasodilation on both arterial
And venous circulation. Increase cerebral
blood flow.
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It might be useful for disorder of
memory(Alzheimers Disease).
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5. Ginseng The root of the species Panax
ginseng, also called Asian or Korean
ginseng Ginsenoside stimulates the
CNS,combats fatigue.
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Pharmacological Classification 1. Acting on the
GI Tract (1) Peptic Ulcer No Acid,No
Ulcer Antacids NaHCO3,
Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3
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1.Lederscon Al(OH)3 Mg(OH)2 2.Ulsanic
(Sucralfate) Insoluble in water Not
absorbed from GI
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It binds to the ulcer site to form a protective
barrier that prevents exposure
of the lesion to acid. Side
EffectConstipation
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3. Motility and Secretion Metoclopramide
Dopamine Antagonist ???????
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4. Laxatives ????????
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2. Drugs used in Hypertension
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3. Anxiolytics,Sedatives and Hypnotics CNS
InhibitorAnxiolytics ?????????????????
???????
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Benzodiazepines(BDZs) Sleep Disorder Acute
Anxiety States At night large doseHypnotics Day
time small dose Anxiolytic,Sedative Sublingual
,IM,IV
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Dependence of BDZs Physical Withdrawal
Syndrome Drug Interactions of BDZs With
Alcohol------------ Additive or Synergistic
Effect
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Triazolam(Halcion) ??? has all of the
characteristic benzodiazepine pharmacological
actions.It is marked as a sedative-hypnotic drug.
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(1) Anxiolytic (2) Sedative-Hypnotic (3)
Anti-Convulsant (4) Muscle Relaxant
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Withdrawal Syndrome of DZs ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??
???? ???5-6 days later
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4. Antipsychotics Drugs Also known as
Neuroleptics(???) Or Major Tranquilizers Schizoph
renia(????)
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Treatment Hyperactivity of
Dopamine Positive Symptoms
Paranoia(??),Hallucination, Delusion(??)
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Negative Symptoms Thought Disorder,Behavioural
Disturbances, Flat or Inappropriate Affect
(?????????), Social
Withdrawal
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Pharmacological action Sedation,Disinterest(??)
, Limited Range of Emotion Dysphoria(??)
Improve positive Symptom
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Side Effect Orthostatic Hypotension,
Xerostomia(??), Akathysia(????)
Agitation(????) Delirium(??) Gynecomastia
(?????) Tolerance
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???? ???? ????? ????????
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Classification of Antipsychotics 1.
Phenothiazine Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
Strong Sedation ?????????
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Side Effect ???????? Photosensitization
More than 3weeks IM or IV
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2. Lithium Manic-Depressive Illness ????????
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It might prevent excessive Release of Dopamine
Side Effect Polydipsia?? Polyuria??
Edema Tetratogenic
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Antidepressants (1)Endogenous Depression
?????? Profound Sadness?? Passimism?? Loss
of Interest Sleep Disturbances
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Change in Appetite Diminished Libido???? Difficult
y in Concentration 15 Suicide
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(2) Reactive Depression?????? ?Life Events???
?????????
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(3) Manicdepressive Disorder
??? Pharmacological Action
Antidepressants can block Reuptake of
Norepinephrine
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5. Anti-Inflammatory Drug ?????????????????????
?????
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Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
(NSAIDs) (1)
Aspirin Acetylsalicylic Acid(ASA) Low
cost Effective Dose4g/day
????????????
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(2) Acetaminophen Tylenol,Panado
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(3) Morphine Classification of Pain
A. Physiological Most common
Ex.Getting a cut B.
Inflammatory Infection
Tissue Injury
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C. Neuropathic Injury to CNS or PNS
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Pain Manegement MorphinePain Relieving
Opium Papaver somniferum
Depression of CNS Treatment of Severe
Pain ??????????????
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Increased Tolerance to Pain Lower Perception
of External Stimuli Feeling of
Well-Being(Euphoria) Addiction
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Withdrawal Symptom Physical Dependence
CNS Hyperactivity ?? ?? ?? ?? ????
??Spasticity Vomiting Anorexia
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Action Mechanism ??Threshold of Pain
Analgesia ,Euphoria Sedation, Respiratory
Depression
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Abuse Decrease Anxiety Produce Euphoria
Side Effect Constipation Mental Clouding
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6. Drugs used in Nausea and Vertigo(Anti-Emetic
s)
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7. Sex Hormones and Drugs
MaleTestosterone FemaleEstrogen(???)
Progesterone(???)
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Play Profound roles in Reproduction in the
Menstrual Cycle
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Testosterone Androgenic(Promoting male
physical
Characteristics) Anabolic(Muscle Building)
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Estrogen Development of secondary sex
Characteristics
in women at Puberty Development of Lipid Other
Tissues that
contribute To Breast Shape and
Function.
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Fluid Retention in the Breast. Development of
Vagina,Uterus. Pigmentation of the nipples.
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DES Diethylstilbestrol Same Activity of
Estrogen
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Phytoestrogens Several Natural Plant
Substance That have General Structural
Features Similar to Those of Estrogen
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Genisteinfrom soybean Daidzeinfrom
soybean Coumestrolfrom legumes
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Therapeutic Action 1. Treating Cardiovascular
Disease 2. Reducing Postmenopausal
Symptoms 3. Preventing Osteoporosis
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Birth Control 1. Inhibition of Ovulation
Estrogen Progestrone 2. Abortifacient(???)
Mifepristone(RU486) 1980
France Roussell Uclaf Synthesized
38486---RU486
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(1) Antagonizing the Effect of Progesterone
at Receptor (2) Decrease in Progesterone
Secretion (3) Softening of the Cervix, Which
aids in expulsion Of the Fertilized Ovum
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• High Dose of Estrogen
• Cigarette Smoking increase
• The risk of
• Thromboembolic Disease
• Blood Clots
• (2) Cancer Cell Spreading

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??Estrogen Content 1.Progestin Minipill
Progesterone only Suppress Ovulation 2.Depo(Prov
era) IM Injection Medroxyprogesterone
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3.Transdermal Contraceptives FDA approved
the 1st transdermal
contraceptive Patch in 2001
NorelgestrominEstradiol Once a week for 3
weeks 1--Pregnancy 99--OK
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4. Progesterone IUD Low Progesterone Dose
38 mg of microcrystalline progesterone
dispersed in silicone oil
The dispersion is contained in a flexible
polymer in the approximate shape of a T
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The Polymer acts as a membrane to permit
65ug of progesterone to be released Slowly into
the uterus each day for 1 year. Problemperforatio
n of Uterus and Cervix
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5. Contraceptive Implants Norplant 6.
Capsules of Levonorgestrel
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Implanted in the midportion of the upper arm
provided contraception for up to 5 years
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? ? Secondary Sex Characteristics TestesTestos
terone ?????? ??? ??????
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OvariesEstrogen,Progesterone ?????? ????
??? ?????????
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?????????? 0.2 C 36.4-----------------
---36.6 C ?????? ???????72hrs ??????????72hrs 727
2144hrs6 days ???
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8. Antidiabetic Drugs
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9. Antibiotics (1) Penicillin Penicillin
G Abuse-------Resistance
Allergic Reaction 6-APASemisynthetic
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(2) Cephalosporin Cephalexin
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(3) Streptomycin Neurotoxic reactions
Disturbance of Equilibrium Diminished
Auditory Perception
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(4)Vancomycin Inhibition of Cell Wall
(peptidoglycan) Toxic Side EffectSlight
Cotinued use may lead to Impaired Auditory
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(5) Tetracycline Ca,Mg,Fe and Al ion
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(6) Chloramphenicol (7) Erythromycin
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10. Poisoning
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An Introduction to Drug Education 1.Efforts to
limit the use and abuse of
various drugs
Drug,Alcohol,Tobacco DrugAlter the structure
and Functions of the body.
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Drug Abuse Chronic,Excessive use of the
drug,physical or personal harm is very
likely to occur.
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Addiction Uncontrolled compulsion To use
a drug.
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Withdrawal A variety of physical and
emotional symptoms that occur when an
accustomed dose level of a drug is abruptly
cut off.
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Prevention Avoid or decrease health
Problems. Intervention Early identification
and treatment of an alcohol or other drug
problem that has already begun.
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Treatment Activities done with the
objective of eliminating an individuals
drug abuse and repairing some of the damage
and disability that has occurred.
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Central Nerve System Inhibitors 1. Alcohols
Stimulation first, Then Inhibition of CNS
Disulfiram(Antabuse) Block Metabolism of EtOH
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2. Barbituates Secobarbital
Seconal,Red,?? ???? Amobarbital Amital
?? ???? Methaqualone Nominox,White??
????
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To CNS Like Morphine Benzodiazepine
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Triazolam(Halcion) ??? has all of the
characteristic benzodiazepine pharmacological
actions.It is marked as a sedative-hypnotic drug.
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3.CNS depressant Anxiolytic,Sedative,
Hypnotic Morphine Extracted From
Opium Papaver somniferum
Analgestic
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Heroine Pentazocine Talwin,
Sosegone(Taiwan) 30-50mg10mg of Morphine
White Crystalline Powder
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3. Cocaine Since 1800,Chewing coca
leaves Mountain of South America In 1860,
Cocaine was Isolated
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1880s was used by German military to combat
fatigue. Addictive properties At low
dose, Feeling of well-being, Decreased
fatigue Local Anesthetic
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Clinical Symptoms of Drug Abuse 1.
Convulsion 2. Inhibition of Respiration 3.
Hallucination 4. Ataxia 5. Hypertension 6.
Hypotension
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Story of Cocaine Cocaine , Amphetamine CNS
Stimulant Cocainemore strong than
Amphetamine More Euphoria and Addiction
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Erythroxylum coca leaves ???????????????????
???????? ????? Spanish brought
coca leaves to Europe, ???????????????????
????
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Clinical Symptoms of Cocaine
Intoxication 1. Death Overdose
Suicide Accidents
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2. CNS Headache Convulsion
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3.Psychosis Cocaine Euphoria Cocaine
Dysphoria Cocaine Schizophreniform
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Involuntary(Passive) Smoking 1. Main Stream 15
5 CO 2. Side Stream 85 10-15 CO
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1. IS and Childrens Health Asthma
???? ??
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2. IS and Adults Health Eye Stimulation
Headache Cough Induce Asthma
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3. IS and Lung Cancer More than 1 box/day
Lung Cancer?????2.1-3.0 X Below 1
box/day,Lung Cancer
?????1.6X
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4. IS and Fetus Baby of Smoking Mother
???? 200g Newborn BW?? 2500g?????2?