1997 SAFETY SEMINAR

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(No Transcript)
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Pierce Brosnan, Tom Knauff, John McTiernen
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SAFETY SEMINARLakeland, FloridaFebruary 2,
2,002

• Tom Knauff

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Flying GlidersIs Dangerous!
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2001 ACCIDENTS

• From NTSB reports only.
• 38 reported accidents. (18 E, 20W)
• 6 fatalities (2 East, 4 West)
• www.ntsb.gov/NTSB/query.asp

• Tom Knauff

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2001 FATALITIESThe way I see it.

• Showing off Discus CS
• Pushing limits - Nimbus 3DM
• Improper assembly ASW-20
• High on tow Ka6
• Medical? Inexperience? Showing off? SZD-55
• Stall / spin low power - Moni

• Tom Knauff

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Since 196437 years activeglider flight training

• Up to 2001, only 4 accidents we knew of.
• 2001 the first fatality.
• Two other accidents.

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National TransportationSafety BoardGlider
FatalitiesSeventeen Years1983 - 2001

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USA GLIDER FATALITIES
128 Fatalities 7.1 per year
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Which is more dangerous?

• Gliders?
• Automobiles?

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1997 STATISTICS

• AUTOMOBILES
• 41,000 Fatalities
• 1 in 6,463

• GLIDERS
• 7 Fatalities
• 1 in 2,000

• Tom Knauff

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Flying is especially unforgiving of ignorance,
errors or foolish behavior.

• Tom Knauff

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A little learning is a dangerous
thing.Alexander Pope(16881744)

• Tom Knauff

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We never really know what stupidity is until we
have experimented on ourselves.Paul Gauguin
(18481903)

• Tom Knauff

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Just as going to church wont make you
religious,sleeping in your garage wont make you
a race car driver.Garrison Keillor

• Tom Knauff

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THE BASIC TRUTHPilots do not have the
fundamental knowledge to allow them to fly safely.
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KNOWLEDGE IS THE KEY!
If you dont have it here
You cant have it here.

• Tom Knauff

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Four questionTEST
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In a steep, left turn, at a stable bank angle and
airspeed, the controls will be held

• A. Right aileron, right rudder, back stick.
• B. Left aileron, left rudder, back stick.
• C. Right aileron, left rudder, back stick.
• D. Left aileron, right rudder, back stick.

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During a left turn on aerotow, the glider pilot
should see

• A. The left side of the towplane.
• B. The right side of the towplane.
• C. Both sides of the towplane
• equally.
• D. Which side is not important as long as the
  glider is not too high.

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You are most likely to have a stall/spin accident
during what three occasions?
Answer Later
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Early on tow, you see the towplane waggling its
rudder.What does this mean?
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The average score on a longer, similar test is 34
Licensed Glider Pilots
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WHEN ARE YOU AT MOST RISK?

• 1. Landing.
• 2. Takeoff.
• 3. Low altitude thermalling.

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NTSB STATISTICSTHE GREATEST RISK
Takeoff 15
Unknown 7
In flight 14
Pattern Landing 64

• Tom Knauff

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GLIDER ACCIDENT CAUSES1992 47 Accidents
NTSB

• Tom Knauff

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ACCIDENT CAUSAL FACTORS

• A - ircraft
• P - ilot
• E - nvironment
• S - ituation

• Tom Knauff

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KNOWLEDGE IS THE KEY!
If you dont have it here
You cant have it here.

• Tom Knauff

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HOW DO WE CHANGE PILOT BEHAVIOR?

• Examiners and CFIs hold the key.
• Everyone can help by actively being involved in
  safety.

• Tom Knauff

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PILOT FACTORS

• Knowledge
• Skill
• Judgment

• Tom Knauff

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THE LEARNING PYRAMID
Judgment
Skills
Experience
Knowledge

• Tom Knauff

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The pyramid of knowledge is made of thousands
blocks of knowledge. Missing one or several
makes the entire pyramid unstable.
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Here is the list of FAA licensing requirements
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1. FAR Part 1, 43, 61, 91, and 830. Eligibility
requirements. Medical requirements. Personal log
book. Glider pilot certificates privileges, and
limitations. Glider and tow pilot recency of
experience requirements. Airworthiness and
registration certificates. Maintenance
requirements and records.General operating rules.
Flight rules. Accident reporting.   2. Glider
Flight Manual. Operating limitations, equipment
list. Performance charts, tables and data. Weight
and balance. Ballast and its effect on
performance.
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3. Glider Assembly, and Disassembly.   4. Flight
Preparation and Planning. National airspace
system. Controlled airspace. Special use
airspace. Enroute checkpoints. Go ahead points.
Using lift sources and speed between lift
sources. Terrain considerations. Selecting
landing areas. Personal equipment. Aeronautical
Information Manual. Navigation, aeronautical
charts. Cross country emergency
procedures.   Personal Equipment. High altitude.
Varying terrain. Long distances. Climatic
conditions. Oxygen systems. Parachutes.
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6. Flight Instruments and Associated Aircraft
Systems. Magnetic compass. Yaw string. Airspeed
indicator. Altimeter. Variometer. Inclinometer.
Total energy compensator. Gyroscopic instruments
Electrical system Landing gear. Avionics   7.
Soaring Weather. Recognition of critical weather
situations and conditions suitable for soaring
flight. Basic VFR weather minimums. Adverse
weather conditions.   8. Pilot Weather Reports
and Forecasts. Procurement and use of
aeronautical weather reports forecasts.Area and
terminal forecasts. Winds temperatures aloft.
Severe weather watch bulletin. Surface analysis
chart. Weather depiction chart.
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Radar summary chart. Composite moisture stability
chart. Significant weather prognosis. Effect of
density altitude and wind on performance. Severe
weather outlook chart. SIGMETs and AIRMETs.
NOTAMs. PIREPs. Wind shear reports.
Estimating visibility. Making sound go-no-go
decisions based on weather. 9. Stability
Charts. Pressure and temperature lapse rates.
Atmospheric instability. Thermal index. Thermal
production. Cloud formation and identification.
Frontal weather. Other lift sources.   10.
Hazards Associated With Thunderstorms.  
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11. Preflight. Line inspections. Tie down.
Control lock and wheel chock removal. Ice and
frost removal. Written checklists. Flight control
Proper assembly. Personal equipment. Tow rope,
weak links, tow line inspection, releases. Launch
equipment inspection tow hitches, releases.
Structural damage. Noting discrepancies. Ground
handling. Post flight procedures. 12.Launches,
Aerotow and/or Ground tows. Surface operations.
Pre-takeoff checklists. Takeoff. Aerotow,
including airspeeds. High or low tows. Signals.
Safety precautions. Release procedures. Slack
towline procedures. Boxing the propwash. Wake
turbulence.  
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13.Aerotow, Abnormal Procedures. Towplane power
loss during takeoff. Towplane power failure at
altitude. Glider release failure. Towline break
during takeoff. Glider and towplane release
failure. Purposing.   14.Precision
Maneuvering. Straight glides. Turns, Shallow,
medium, steep turns. Flight at minimum
controllable airspeed. Imminent forward and
turning stalls. Full stalls, forward stalls.
Spirals. Spin entry, spins, spin recovery
technique. Collision avoidance. Turns to
headings.   15. Critical Performance
Speeds. Never exceed speed. Minimum sink speed.
Maneuvering speed. Rough air redline. Speed to
fly. Best glide speed.
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16.TrafficPatterns. Entry and departure
procedures Co-existing traffic patterns. Rules.
Pre-landing checklist. Collision avoidance. Wake
turbulence   17.Normal Landings. Use of dive
brakes, spoilers, and flaps. Accuracy approaches
and landings. Faulty approaches. Sideslips,
forward slips, turning slips.   18. Crosswind
Takeoffs and Landings. 19. Downwind Landings. 20.
Ground Reference Maneuvers. 21. Off Field
Landings (simulated). 22. Emergency Procedures,
and Equipment Malfunctions.
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23.Exercising Judgment. Correct aircraft control
and sound judgment in decision making. 24.Soaring
Techniques.Thermal Soaring. Ridge and slope
soaring. Wave soaring. Mountain soaring.
Convergence lift   25. Recovery From Unusual
Attitudes. High speed spirals. Excessive bank
angles. Excessive pitch angles. Crossed control
stalls. High sink rates.   26.Medical
Factors.   27. Cross Country Emergency Conditions
and terrain problems.   28.Flight Test. Fight
test requirements. Written test requirements. Use
of distractions during flight test.
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TEACHING FUNDEMENTALS

• Learning begins at the Rote level.

• Tom Knauff

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Rote learning is memorizing facts.
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HOW PEOPLE LEARN
SIGHT

• Tom Knauff

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Stuff you should know about stalls.

• Tom Knauff

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HOW IMPORTANT IS STALL TRAINING?

• NTSB and AOPA studies show
• up to 3/4 of all fatal accidents
• are the result of stalling.

• Tom Knauff

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WHAT ARE WE SUPPOSED TO TEACH?

• FAA Flight Training Handbook (AC 61-21A)
• Page 144 Fundamentals of Stall Recovery
• During the practice of intentional stalls, the
  real objective is not to learn how to stall an
  airplane, but to learn how to recognize an
  incipient stall and take prompt corrective
  action.

• Tom Knauff

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HOW MANY SIGNS?

• Tom Knauff

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• Tom Knauff

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TEST - HOW TO RECOGNIZE A STALL

• What are the signs of a stall?

1. Excessive Back Stick Pressure. 2. Nose High
Attitude. 3. Low Airspeed. 4. Quiet 5.
Ineffective Controls. 6. Shudder or Buffet.

• Tom Knauff

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THREE FACTORS

• Aircraft
• Pilot
• Environment

• Tom Knauff

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THE AIRCRAFT

• Factors that influence the stall
• Dive brakes open or closed?
• Coordinated flight?
• Surface - Dirty? - Frost?
• Angle of bank?
• CG?
• Weight?

• Tom Knauff

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THE PILOT

• How a pilot senses a stall
• 1. Excessive Back Stick Pressure.Feel
• 2. Nose High Attitude. Sight
• 3. Low Airspeed. Sight
• 4. Quiet Hear
• 5. Ineffective Controls. Feel
• 6. Shudder or Buffet. Feel

• Tom Knauff

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THE ENVIRONMENT

• Wind Gradient.
• Turbulence.
• Wind Sheer.
• Terrain.
• Emergencies.

• Tom Knauff

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THE BOTTOM LINE

• 1. Keep the nose of the glider below the horizon
  in a normal gliding attitude.
• 2. Keep the yaw string straight.
• Do the above and it is highly
• unlikely you will stall.

• Tom Knauff

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WHEN IS A TURNING STALL MOST LIKELY?

• PT3
• Unusual Landing Pattern
• Low Altitude Thermalling

• Tom Knauff

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AVOIDING TURNING STALLS

• Use higher pattern altitudes in windy or
  turbulent conditions.
• Avoid low altitude turns.
• Avoid shallow turns.
• Keep nose below horizon.
• Keep the yaw string straight.

• Tom Knauff

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PREVENTING LANDING ACCIDENTS

• Tom Knauff

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THE LANDING STALL

• Is rarely the result of a normal landing
  pattern.

Normal Pattern Spacing
Low, Slow, and Close
Too Low Too Slow Shallow Bank

• Tom Knauff

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FLY SAFE LANDING PATTERNS

• Commit To The Landing Pattern With Enough
  Altitude To Positively Fly A Normal Pattern.
• (Avoid The Unusual.)

• Tom Knauff

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FLY SAFE LANDING PATTERNS

• Wind. Increase Pattern Altitude, as Well as
  Airspeed.
• Keep a Proper Distance While Flying The Downwind
  Leg. (Avoid Being Too Close.)

• Tom Knauff

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FLY SAFE LANDING PATTERNS

• Make Coordinated,
• Constant Speed Turns
• At All Times.
• (Especially in the Landing Pattern.)

• Tom Knauff

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PROPER SPACING
WIND
Landing Area

• Tom Knauff

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KEEP YOUR DISTANCE
45 DEGREES
30 DEGREES
RUNWAY

• Tom Knauff

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USE A PRE-LANDING CHECKLIST
Runway
Undercarriage Speed Trim Airbrakes Look
I.P.

• Tom Knauff

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TURN CHECKLIST
Runway
Constant Speed Straight Yaw String!

• Tom Knauff

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THE BUTTONHOOK PATTERN
VERY DANGEROUS!
Runway
X
X

• Tom Knauff

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AVOID THE EXTREMES
Steep Approach
Shallow Approach

• Tom Knauff

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WIND GRADIENT

• Worst below 200 feet.
• Wind Shear, Turbulence.
• Wings can be in different air when banked.
• Avoid by descending with level wings, and
  adequate airspeed.

• Tom Knauff

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PATTERNS IN WIND

• Raise pattern speed 1/2 of
• wind speed.
• Add factor for unusual turbulence.
• Raise pattern altitude with wind or turbulence.

• Tom Knauff

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PT3

• Premature Termination's of The Tow.
• 20 of all fatal glider accidents.

• Tom Knauff

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WHAT ARE THE ODDS?
50 50!!! Either the rope will break or it
wont!
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AVOIDING PT3 STALL

• Expect the emergency.
• Have a plan of action.
• React instantly.
• Get the nose down to a flying attitude.

• Tom Knauff

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SAY 200 FEET

• 200 FEET!

Decision Point?

• Tom Knauff

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200 FEET PLAN OF ACTION

• 1. Lower Nose to Gliding Attitude
• 2. Initiate turn (Usually into wind.)
• 3. Keep Yaw String Straight!
• 4. Establish Adequate Bank Angle.
• 5. Constantly Monitor Pitch Attitude and Yaw
  String Throughout Turn.

• Tom Knauff

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The Tow Pilot Can Help
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NORMAL TOW

• X

Wind

• Tom Knauff

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A BETTER WAY

• x

Wind

• Tom Knauff

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Final Words
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WHAT YOU CAN DO

• Skill It is estimated that the average glider
  pilot only flies 35 hours a year.
• Knowledge Do you know what you need to know to
  fly safely?

• Tom Knauff

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KNOWLEDGE

• FAR Part 61.
• Lists everything you are required to know.
• Practical Test Standards.
• To what standard.
• ABC, Bronze Badges
• Knowledge and skills
• specific to gliding.

• Tom Knauff

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USE CHECKLISTS

• Assembly
• Pre-takeoff CB - SI(F)T- CBE
• Pre-landing USTAL

• Tom Knauff

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Avoid Distractions.
Use other people.
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JUDGMENT

• Judgment Considering your skill and knowledge,
  should you . . .
• Have you read the judgment
• training manual,
• Accident Prevention Manual
• for Glider Pilots?

• Tom Knauff

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THE CFI

• Find a good, experienced, mature CFI.
• Ask them to be critical of your performance.
• Take several flights with CFI.

• Tom Knauff

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PEER PRESSURE

• Tom Knauff

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KNOWLEDGE IS THE KEY!
If you dont have it here
You cant have it here.

• Tom Knauff

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RECOMMENDED READING

• BOOKS BY EXPERIENCED
• PROFESSIONALS.

• Tom Knauff

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WOLFGANG LANGEWISCHE

• The most important book in aviation.
• Stick and Rudder.

• Tom Knauff

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DEREK PIGGOTT

• Setting the standard since the 50s.
• Gliding
• Beginning Gliding
• Understanding Gliding
• Gliding Safety
• Ground Launching

• Tom Knauff

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ANN WELCHFRANK IRVING

• New Soaring Pilot

• Tom Knauff

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TOM KNAUFF(The only glider flight training
manuals that fulfill all FAR flight requirements.)

• Glider Basics From First Flight To Solo
• After Solo
• Transition To Gliders

• Tom Knauff

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MORE BOOKS BY TOM

• Accident Prevention Manual For Glider Pilots
• Accident Prevention Manual For Glider
  CFIs
• Glider Flight Instructors Manual
• Off Field Landings
• Ridge Soaring

• Tom Knauff

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ABC IS THE KEY!

• ALWAYS
• BE CAREFUL!

• Tom Knauff

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ANY QUESTIONS?

• Tom Knauff

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Thomas Knauff Ridge Soaring Gliderport 3523 South
Eagle Valley Road Julian, Pa 16844 Phone (814)
355 2483 Fax [phone] Email
tknauff_at_earthlink.net www.eglider.org

• Tom Knauff