a) Spain is a beautiful country; the beache's are warm, sandy and spotlessly clean. b) Spain is a beautiful country: the beaches are warm, sandy and spotlessly clean. c) Spain is a beautiful country, the beaches are warm, sandy and spotlessly clean.

1
a) Spain is a beautiful country the
beache's are warm, sandy and spotlessly clean.
b) Spain is a beautiful country the beaches are
warm, sandy and spotlessly clean. c) Spain is a
beautiful country, the beaches are warm, sandy
and spotlessly clean. d) Spain is a beautiful
country the beaches are warm, sandy and
spotlessly clean.

• Basic Punctuation Rules
• The Semi-colon

2
The Full Colon Apostrophe

• a) The children's books were all left in the
  following places Mrs Smith's room, Mr Powell's
  office and the caretaker's cupboard.
• b) The children's books were all left in the
  following places Mrs Smith's room, Mr Powell's
  office and the caretaker's cupboard.
• c) The childrens books were all left in the
  following places Mrs Smiths room, Mr Powells
  office and the caretakers cupboard.
• d) The children's books were all left in the
  following places, Mrs Smith's room, Mr Powell's
  office and the caretaker's cupboard.

3
The Comma

• a) She always enjoyed sweets, chocolate,
  marshmallows and toffee apples.
• b) She always enjoyed sweets, chocolate,
  marshmallows and toffee apples.
• c) She always enjoyed sweets chocolate
  marshmallows and toffee apples.
• d) She always enjoyed sweet's, chocolate,
  marshmallow's and toffee apple's.

4
The ApostropheAgain

• a) Sarah's uncle's car was found without its
  wheels in that old derelict warehouse.
• b) Sarah's uncle's car was found without its
  wheels in that old, derelict warehouse.
• c) Sarahs uncles car was found without its wheels
  in that old, derelict warehouse.
• d) Sarah's uncle's car was found without it's
  wheels in that old, derelict warehouse.

5
Separate Clauses

• I can't see Tim's car, there must have been an
  accident.
• I cant see Tim's car there must have been an
  accident.
• I can't see Tim's car there must have been an
  accident.
• I can't see Tim's car there must have been an
  accident.

6
The Common Comma

1. Paul's neighbours were terrible so his brother's
   friends went round to have a word.
2. Paul's neighbours were terrible so his brother's
   friends went round to have a word.
3. Paul's neighbours were terrible, so his brother's
   friends went round to have a word.
4. Paul's neighbours were terrible so his brother's
   friends went round to have a word.

7
The Non-defining Relative Clause

1. Tims gran, a formidable woman, always bought him
   chocolate, cakes, sweets and a nice fresh apple.
2. Tim's gran a formidable woman always bought him
   chocolate, cakes, sweets and a nice fresh apple.
3. Tim's gran, a formidable woman, always bought him
   chocolate cakes sweets and a nice fresh apple.
4. Tim's gran, a formidable woman, always bought him
   chocolate, cakes, sweets and a nice fresh apple.

8
Comma, Comma, Comma

• a) After stealing Tims car, the thief lost his
  way and ended up in the chief constable's garage.
  
• b) After stealing Tim's car the thief lost his
  way and ended up in the chief constable's garage.
  
• c) After stealing Tim's car, the thief lost his
  way and ended up in the chief constable's garage.
  
• d) After stealing Tim's car, the thief lost his'
  way and ended up in the chief constable's garage.

9
The Serial Comma Debate

• a) We decided to visit Spain, Greece, Portugal
  and Italy's mountains.
• b) We decided to visit Spain, Greece, Portugal
  and Italys mountains.
• c) We decided to visit Spain, Greece, Portugal
  and Italy's mountains.
• d) We decided to visit Spain Greece Portugal, and
  Italy's mountains.

10
Non-defining Reduced Relative Clauses

• a) That tall man, Paul's grandad, is this month's
  winner.
• b) That tall man Paul's grandad is this month's
  winner.
• c) That tall man, Paul's grandad, is this months
  winner.
• d) That tall man, Pauls grandad, is this month's
  winner.

11
RECAP

• Independent clause a clause that has a subject
  and a verb and can stand alone a complete
  sentence
• eg It is of great importance to follow the
  rules of punctuation.
• Dependent clause a clause that has a subject and
  a verb but cannot stand alone an incomplete
  sentence
• eg When people tried to read what he had
  written (,confusion reigned.)

12
THE COMMA

• Use a comma to join 2 independent clauses by a
  comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but,
  or, for, nor, so).
• Use a comma after an introductory phrase,
  prepositional phrase, or dependent clause.
• (plus many other uses)
• Write your own example.

13
THE SEMI-COLON

• Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses
  when the second clause restates the first, or
  when the two clauses are of equal emphasis.
• Use a semicolon to join 2 independent clauses
  when the second clause begins with a conjunctive
  adverb (however, therefore, moreover,
  furthermore, thus, meanwhile, nonetheless,
  otherwise) or a transition (in fact, for example,
  that is, for instance, in addition, in other
  words, on the other hand, even so).
• Write your own example.

14
THE COLON

• Use a colon to join 2 independent clauses when
  you wish to emphasize the second clause.
• Use a colon after an independent clause when it
  is followed by a list, a quotation, or other idea
  directly related to the independent clause.
• Write your own example.

15
PARENTHESES

• Parentheses are used to emphasize content. They
  place more emphasis on the enclosed content than
  commas. Use parentheses to set off non-essential
  material, such as dates, clarifying information,
  or sources, from a sentence.
• Write your own example.

16
THE DASH

• Dashes are used to set off or emphasize the
  content enclosed within dashes or the content
  that follows a dash. Dashes place more emphasis
  on this content than parentheses.
• eg Perhaps one reason why the term has been so
  problematicso resistant to definition, and yet
  so transitory in those definitionsis because of
  its multitude of applications.
• Write your own example.

17
QUOTATION MARKS

• Use quotation marks to enclose direct
  quotations.
• Use quotation marks to indicate the novel,
  ironic, or reserved use of a word.
• Use quotation marks around the titles of short
  poems, song titles, short stories, magazine or
  newspaper articles, essays, speeches, chapter
  titles, short films, and episodes of television
  or radio shows.
• Write your own example.

18
ITALICS /OR UNDERLINING

• Underlining and Italics are often used
  interchangeably. Although the general trend has
  been moving toward italicizing instead of
  underlining, you should remain consistent with
  your choice throughout your paper. Italicize the
  titles of magazines, books, newspapers, academic
  journals, films, television shows, long poems,
  plays of three or more acts, operas, musical
  albums, works of art, websites, and individual
  trains, planes, or ships.
• Write your own example.

19
THE APOSTROPHE

• The apostrophe has three uses
• to form possessives of nouns
• eg James's hat. (James' hat is also acceptable.)
• to show the omission of letters
• eg Its a fine day for fishing, isnt it?
• to indicate certain plurals
• eg Mind your p's and q's. (But not In the
  1930s)
• Write your own examples.

20
Sources

• http//www.bristol.ac.uk Grammar Tutorial, Page
  55
• http//owl.english.purdue.edu Exercises/3/16
• Brief Overview of Punctuation
• http//owl.english.purdue.edu Exercises/3/3
• The Apostrophe