CCDD Rules and Regulations Training Seminar

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CCDD Rules and RegulationsTraining Seminar

• PID/FID Equipment - Use and Calibration

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PID/FID EquipmentUse and Calibration

• Equipment
• Pat Maloney
• J M Instruments
• Field Use at CCDD Facilities
• Matt Vondra
• Bluff City Materials

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PID/FID Equipment

• AGENDA
• Presentation on PID and FID Technology
• Demonstration of TVA (FID-PID)
• Demonstration of RAE PIDs
• Questions And Answers

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PID/FID EquipmentUse and Calibration

• Section 1100.205 Load Checking
• The owner or operator must institute and conduct
  a load checking program designed to detect
  attempts to dispose of waste at the facility. At
  a minimum, the load checking program must consist
  of the following components
• a) Routine Inspections
• 1) An inspector designated by the facility must
  inspect every load before its acceptance at the
  facility utilizing an elevated structure, a
  designated ground level inspection area, or
  another acceptable method as specified in the
  Agency permit. In addition to a visual
  inspection, the inspector must use an instrument
  with a photo ionization detector utilizing a lamp
  of 10.6eV or greater or an instrument with a
  flame ionization detector, or other monitoring
  devices approved by the Agency, to inspect each
  load. All instruments shall be interpreted based
  on the manufacturers margin of error. Any
  reading in excess of background levels using any
  of these instruments must result in the rejection
  of the inspected load. In addition, any reading
  in excess of background levels on any monitoring
  device used by the Agency during an Agency
  inspection must result in the rejection of the
  inspected load.

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PID/FID Equipment

• Introduction to FID and PID gas monitor equipment
  and practical considerations for field use
• Pat Maloney
• J M Instrument Co.
• [phone] x104

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PID/FID Equipment

• MSA
• Permanent Portable Gas Monitors for Toxics
  Combustible Gases
• Refrigerant Monitors, Confined Space Meters
  Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

• SERVOMEX
• Gas Analyzers for Process
• Control, Combustion, Environmental
• Features Paramagnetic 02 Insitu Combustion CO
  /or O2 Photometric IR/UV

• THERMO (including the former Foxboro TVA)
• Industrial Mass Spec for Fast On Line Analysis
  of Process, Safety and Environmental Applications
• On Line Sulfur for Gas Refining

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PID/FID Equipment

• YOKOGAWA
• Process Analyzers for Combustion O2, Gas
  Chromatography, NDIR and Gas Density

• RAE
• Portable Gas Monitors for Toxic and Explosive
  Gasses - Specialists in PID Technology, Including
  Benzene Butadiene Specific Portables

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Photo Ionization Detection (PID)
PID/FID Equipment

• Basic Theory Sample is introduced into an
  ionization chamber and exposed to an ultraviolet
  lamp of a specific energy. The photons of UV
  energy excites the sample and ions (less than or
  equal IP to lamp) are attracted to a collecting
  electrode. The collection of the ions result in
  an increase current which is proportional to the
  concentration of the compound (compared to a
  known calibration standard). The sample exits
  the system unaltered.

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Diagram of PID
PID/FID Equipment
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Flame Ionization Detection (FID)
PID/FID Equipment

• Basic Theory Sample is introduced into an
  ionization chamber and burned in a hydrogen
  flame. This process separates free ions (from
  hydrogen and carbon bonded hydrocarbons)
  which in turn are attracted to a collecting
  electrode. The collection of the ions result in
  an increase current which is proportional to the
  concentration of the compound (compared to a
  known calibration standard). The by-products of
  the process are H2O and CO2.

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Diagram of FID
PID/FID Equipment

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Advantages FID
PID/FID Equipment

• Wide dynamic and linear range
• (0-50,000 ppm or 5 which is 100 LEL as Methane)
• Highly sensitive to hydrocarbon vapors
• Can See Methane
• Very stable and repeatable
• (with generally tighter correction factors vs
  PID)
• Unaffected by ambient levels of water vapor

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Disadvantages FID
PID/FID Equipment

• Requires H2 Fuel Source
• Requires 16 02 for reading (so has Flameout
  Issues)
• Size and Weight
• Sees Methane
• (not really toxic can interfere with seeing
  gas of interest)
• More Complex Unit
• (Calibration Operation - Cost and
  Maintenance)
• Can NOT See Inorganics

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Advantages PID
PID/FID Equipment

• Size and Weight (Newer Models) and Simplicity of
  Use
• No support gases required (works in inert
  conditions no O2)
• Better low end sensitivity (PPB newer models)
• Non-destructive detector (allows sample
  collection)
• Can measure many inorganic compounds (NH3 for
  exam)
• Sensitive to aromatic, chlorinated unsaturated
  hydrocarbons
• Immune to (does not see) Methane
• Easier and Less Costly to Maintain (newer models
  have less
• expensive and more accessible lamps and detectors)

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Disadvantages PID
PID/FID Equipment

• Typically sufficient range but lower range than
  FID
• (0-2000/10,000 ppm and looses linearity at higher
  ranges)
• Limited to reading gasses at/below Ionization
  Potential of the
• UV lamp installed (typically 10.6 though 11.7
  and 9.8 exist)
• Affected by Moisture 95 RH may reduce reading
  25-30
• (New models do allow for dryer tubes 15/30
  minute run time)
• Based on my field experience, beware the claim
  for moisture
• immunity/compensation of some PID manufacturers.

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IP and Lamps
PID/FID Equipment

• IEPA requires 10.6 minimum (best lamp)
• 9.8 reduced survey capability
• 11.7 expanded range
• Quickly degrades less stable
• short life

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CENTURY TVA1000B
PID/FID Equipment

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Internal Packaging
PID/FID Equipment
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Diagram of Dual System
PID/FID Equipment
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CCDD Rules and Regulations

• PID/FID Field Use and Calibration
• Concerns Under CCDD Rules and Regulations

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PID/FID Field Use

• Filed Use of FID and PID gas monitor equipment at
  CCDD Facilities
• Concerns Under CCDD Rules and Regulations
• Matt Vondra
• Bluff City Materials

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PID/FID
PID/FID Field Use

• PID - Photoionization Detector
• FID - Flame Ionization Detector
• Both are sensitive air monitoring devices
• Air stream pumped through detector so gases can
  be analyzed
• Unit ionizes hydrocarbon compounds carried in the
  sample air stream
• Ionized compounds are converted by unit into an
  approximate concentration when compared to a
  known standard
• Does not distinguish one type of compound from
  another

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PID/FID Operation
PID/FID Field Use

• Calibration
• Calibrate to zero using hydrocarbon free air
• Calibrate using 100ppm isobutylene gas
• Screen CCDD materials by sampling vapors
  emanating off the material
• Hydrocarbons found in the material will
  volatilize and be detected through the sample air
  stream
• Detector will give approximate concentration in
  parts per million (ppm)

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PID/FID Field Use

• Place the tip of the PID near the edge of the
  material collected with the sampling device
• Record the peak measurement shown on the PID
• If the PID shows a reading greater than the
  margin of error, the material could be
  contaminated and that load should be rejected
• Results must be documented

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PID/FID Field Use
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PID/FID Field Use
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PID/FID Field Use
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PID/FID Field Use
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Important Considerations
PID/FID Field Use

• Thoroughly review and understand manual
• Unit response time is usually within a few
  seconds
• Manufacturer provides a statement of the
  sensitivity/accuracy of the device
• Routine maintenance is needed and should be
  documented
• Charging
• Inlet filter change out
• Lamp change out

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Important Considerations
PID/FID Field Use

• Environmental Factors which may affect reading
  accuracy
• Temperature and humidity extremes
• Rain and sunlight
• Moisture and solids introduced into detector
  through air sampling pump
• Can purchase an outside filter to minimize the
  environmental factors that could affect accuracy
  of readings

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PID/FID Alternatives
PID/FID Field Use

• IEPA allows for the approval of alternate devices
• Field GC/MS gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer
• X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzer - screens for
  the presence of metals
• estimated 35,000 per XRF analyzer

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Calibrating PID/FID for Background Levels
PID/FID Field Use

• PID/FID devices should be calibrated daily using
  the manufacturers suggested gas
• May calibrate several times throughout the day to
  account for any fluctuations in readings due to
  weather conditions
• Calibration should occur at the CCDD inspection
  site
• The device has a margin of error of /- 0.1 ppm

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Calibration Steps
PID/FID Field Use

• Each morning the inspector should
• Calibrate the device
• Establish background levels
• Apply the margin of error to determine the
  rejection threshold and record this number
• Utilize this number when determining which loads
  are accepted/rejected
• See Sample Calibration Log

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PID/FID Calibration Log
PID/FID Field Use
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Issues Worth Additional Discussion
PID/FID Equipment

• Sample preparation
• How to deal with Back Ground measurements
• PID Calibration Demonstration

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Sample Conditioning Considerations
PID/FID Equipment

• Sample Conditioning Concepts for improved
  results not required procedures (to my
  knowledge)
• You want a warm representative sample(s) to
  test to get better results
• Cold Weather seal off sample and raise
  temperature if possible (less of an issue in warm
  weather but could be standardized as a
  procedure.
• Get a sample from the center not just a pass at
  the top
• As easy as a Zip lock bag by floor board heater 5
  min or similar SAFE temperature increase
  leave sufficient head space to test.

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How to deal with background
PID/FID Equipment

• I have long proposed to industrial users (LDAR)
  to always use a real baseline ZERO and to
  include the background as part of their readings.
  They may have more room for inclusion than will
  work for CCDD applications. However, I remain a
  big fan of starting from a baseline ZERO and if
  needed log the background and report that
  against the reading.

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Zeroing out the background
PID/FID Equipment

• If you ever need to explain your numbers people
  will understand a logged offset that was recorded
  against the reading. (The instrument reported
  ZERO on the Zero gas we noted 3 to 4 ppm
  background and the unit reported 12 ppm sample
  headspace (9 ppm actual difference after
  accounting for lowest average background).
• Now imagine explaining that same 9 ppm after site
  personnel ZEROs to the back ground (unrecorded).
• Baseline ZERO is simpler to maintain and explain

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PID Cal Demo
PID/FID Equipment

• Use of Demand Flow Reg (bags used FIDs)
• USE ZERO GAS (not background)
• Span to Isobutylene 100 ppm
• Marker Cap field check not marker

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MiniRAE 2000 PID Sensor
PID/FID Equipment

• Inspect sensor for damage and replace to rectify
  the following conditions
• Bent electrode fingers
• Teflon mask warped so that sensing electrode
  shows
• Electrodes not in the same plane
• If problems persist, replace PID sensor

Bent Electrode
Straight Electrodes with mask removed for clarity
Teflon Mask Warped
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Maintenance
PID/FID Equipment

• Clean PID Lamp Sensor
• When display creeps upwards after good zero
• When PID responds to moisture
• When movement of PID results in response on
  display

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Maintenance
PID/FID Equipment

• Humidity Check
• Cup hand over inlet or breathe into inlet for
  10-20 seconds
• Do not block flow
• If M2K reads gt2 ppm or ppbRAE reads gt500 ppb,
  then the sensor needs cleaning

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Maintenance
PID/FID Equipment

• How to Clean PID Sensor
• Always clean sample probe and replace or clean
  filters FIRST! If PID holds a stable zero after
  this step then further cleaning may not be
  necessary
• Use anhydrous methanol (Lamp cleaning solution),
  never use water
• Clean lamp face with lens tissue do not touch
  with your bare hands

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Maintaining PID Sensor
PID/FID Equipment

• Cleaning the PID Sensor
• Clean sensor by immersion in cleaning solution
• Do not loosen or remove screws on PID sensor
• Remove the o-ring from the PID sensor
• If Ultrasonic Cleaner is not available
• Immerse in cleaning solution and agitate by hand
• Drying the PID Sensor
• Let air dry overnight
• Warm air (not hot) will speed drying

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Humidity Filtering II Tubes
PID/FID Equipment

• Temporary relief for a dirty sensor
• Dries sample gas for about ½ hour
• Measure VOCs multiple sample use OK
• Useful for gasoline and chlorinated solvents
• CAUTION May cause low response for some
  compounds or at low temperature or concentration

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General Calibration Procedure
PID/FID Equipment

• Prior to daily use, it is good practice to
  perform a Fresh Air/Zero Calibration
• After Calibration, test for moisture response
• If readings increase more than 5ppm, clean lamp
  sensor
• If readings do not increase higher than 5ppm,
  continue with pump stall test
• If unit passes, test pump to verify it will
  stall, if pump does not stall, service the pump
• Check Stall Threshold
• Check tubing
• Clean/rebuild pump or replace

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MiniRAE 2000 Top Assembly
PID/FID Equipment

• Filter history
• Green dust filter was originally used, but proved
  not to work effectively
• C filter was used next but proved to absorb too
  many VOCs
• Now only porous metal filter is used

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Inside the MiniRAE 2000
PID/FID Equipment
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Questions?

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