Introduction of The Arthrology School of Basic Medical Science of Jiujiang University

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Introduction of The Arthrology School of
Basic Medical Science of Jiujiang University
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Arthrology

• In order to serve the purposes of
  protection and movement, the bones must be joined
  together one another by connective tissue at
  different parts of their surfaces, and such
  connections are termed Joints or Articulations.
  They can be classified according to how the
  adjacent bones are joined into fibrous joints,
  cartilaginous joints and synostosis. They can
  also be divided on the basis of their relative
  freedom of movement into synarthrosis and
  diarthrosis.

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Synarthrosis
The synarthrosis occurs between the bones
that in almost direct contact, fastened together
by intervening connective tissue or hyaline
cartilage, and in which there is no appreciable
motion. It includes the fibrous joints,
cartilaginous joints, synostosis.
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Fibrous Joints
1. Lack a synovial cavity 2. Bones held closely
together by fibrous connective tissue 3. Little
or no movement 4. 3 structural types
Sutures Syndesmosis Gomphosis
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Sutures
1.Thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
unites bones of the skull 2.Immovable
(synarthrosis) 3.If fuse completely in adults is
synostosis
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Syndesmosis
1.Fibrous joint bones united by ligament
2.Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis) 3.Anterior
tibiofibular joint and Interosseous membrane
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Gomphosis
1.Ligament holds cone-shaped peg in bony socket
2.Immovable (amphiarthrosis) 3.Teeth in alveolar
processes
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Cartilaginous Joints
1. Lacks a synovial cavity 2. Allows little or no
movement 3. Bones tightly connected by
fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage 4. 2 types
synchondrosis symphysis
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Synchondrosis
1. Connecting material is hyaline cartilage 2.
Immovable 3. between ribs and sternum 4. It is
a temporary form of joint
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Symphysis

• Fibrocartilage is connecting material
• 2. Slightly movable
• 3. Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

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Synostosis

• The bones are united by the ossification
  of the fibrous joint or synchondrosis between
  them, e. g. , the synosteosis between the ilium,
  ischium and pubis of the hip bones.

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Diarthrosis ----Synovial joints
The bones of a diarthrosis are separated
by a synovial cavity, and so is also called the
synovial joint. This class includes the greater
number of the joints in the body. Articular
surface, articular capsule and articular cavity
are the characteristics of synovial joint. In
such a joint, the contiguous bony surface are
covered with articular cartilage, and connect by
a surrounding, tuber like capsule of dense
fibrous tissue. The joint may be divided,
completely, by an articular disc or meniscus, the
periphery of which is continuous with the fibrous
capsule. More synovial joints within the skeletal
system are freely movable normally however, the
actual range of movement depending on the
requirements for function and stability.
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Essential structures of synovial joints

• Articular surface covered by articular
  cartilage
• articular head
• articular fossa
• Articular capsule
• Fibrous membrane
• Synovial membrane
• Articular cavity containing a trace of synovial
  fluid subatmospheric pressure in it

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Example of Synovial Joint

• Joint space is synovial joint cavity
• Articular cartilage covering ends of bones
• Articular capsule

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Synovial membrane

• Synovial membrane
• inner lining of capsule
• secretes synovial fluid containing hyaluronic
  acid (slippery)
• brings nutrients to articular cartilage

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Accessory structures of synovial joints

• Accessory ligaments
• extracapsular ligaments
• outside joint capsule
• intracapsular ligaments
• within capsule
• Articular discs or menisci
• attached around edges to capsule
• allow 2 bones of different shape to fit tightly
• increase stability of knee - torn cartilage
• Articular labrum
• Synovial fold synovial fat cushion
• Synovial bursa saclike structures between
  structures
• skin/bone or tendon/bone or ligament/bone

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Bursae and Tendon Sheaths

• Bursae
• fluid-filled saclike extensions of the joint
  capsule
• reduce friction between moving structures
• skin rubs over bone
• tendon rubs over bone
• Tendon sheaths
• tubelike bursae that wrap around tendons at wrist
  and ankle where many tendons come together in a
  confined space
• Bursitis
• chronic inflammation of a bursa

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Nerve and Blood Supply

• Nerves to joints are branches of nerves to nearby
  muscles
• Joint capsule and ligaments contain pain fibers
  and sensory receptors
• Blood supply to the structures of a joint are
  branches from nearby structures
• supply nutrients to all joint tissues except the
  articular cartilage which is supplied from the
  synovial fluid

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Types of Joint Movements

• Gliding (or slipping) movement
• Flexion and extension
• Adduction and abduction
• Rotation
• Pronation and supination
• Inversion and eversion
• Circumduction

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Types of synovial joints

• Uniaxial joints
• hinge joints
• trochoid (pivot) joints
• Biaxial joints
• ellipsoid joints
• saddle joints
• Multiaxial joints
• ball-and-socket joint
• plane joints

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Uniaxial joints --Hinge Joint

• Convex surface of one bones fits into concave
  surface of 2nd bone
• Uniaxial like a door hinge
• Examples
• Knee, elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints
• Movements produced
• flexion decreasing the joint angle
• extension increasing the angle
• hyperextension opening the joint beyond the
  anatomical position

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Flexion, Extension Hyperextension
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Uniaxial joints --Pivot Joint

• Rounded surface of bone articulates with ring
  formed by 2nd bone ligament
• Monoaxial since it allows only rotation around
  longitudinal axis
• Examples
• Proximal radioulnar joint
• supination
• pronation
• Atlanto-axial joint
• turning head side to side no

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Biaxial joints Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joint

• Oval-shaped projection fits into oval depression
• Biaxial flex/extend or abduct/adduct is
  possible
• Examples
• wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2
  to 5

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Adduction and Abduction
Condyloid joints
Ball and Socket joints
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Biaxial joints Saddle Joint

• One bone saddled-shaped other bone fits as a
  person would sitting in that saddle
• Biaxial
• Circumduction allows tip of thumb travel in
  circle
• Opposition allows tip of thumb to touch tip of
  other fingers
• Example
• trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of the thumb

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Multiaxial joints Ball and Socket Joint

• Ball fitting into a cuplike depression
• Multiaxial
• flexion/extension
• abduction/adduction
• rotation
• circumduction
• Examples
• shoulder joint
• hip joint

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Multiaxial joints Plane Joint

• Bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved
• Side to side movement only
• Rotation prevented by ligaments
• Examples
• intercarpal or intertarsal joints
• sternoclavicular joint
• vertebrocostal joints

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Summary of Movements at Synovial Joints

• Gliding
• no change in angle of joint
• Angular movements
• increase or decrease in angle between
  articulating bones
• flexion, extension, hyperextension
• abduction, adduction
• circumduction is a combination of above movements
• Rotation
• bone revolves around its own axis
• Special movements
• uniquely named movements for jaw, hand and foot

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Circumduction

• Movement of a distal end of a body part in a
  circle
• Combination of flexion, adduction , extension and
  abduction
• Occurs at ball and socket, saddle and condyloid
  joints

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Rotation

• Bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
• medial rotation is turning of anterior surface in
  towards the midline
• lateral rotation is turning of anterior surface
  away from the midline
• At ball socket and pivot type joints

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Special Movements of Mandible

• Elevation upward
• Depression downward
• Protraction forward
• Retraction backward

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Special Hand Foot Movements

• Inversion
• Eversion
• Dorsiflexion
• Plantarflexion
• Pronation
• Supination