Landforms or What goes up must come down

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LandformsorWhat goes up must come down
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Todays class

• "The summit of Mt. Everest is marine limestone."
• Tectonic forces
• Earthquakes, volcanoes
• Diastrophism
• Gradational processes
• Weathering, mass wasting
• Erosion/deposition water, waves, wind
• Examples from CA, SW Asia, Oceania

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Rock cycle

• Your responsibility!
• Differences between igneous, sedimentary,
  metamorphic
• Examples of each

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Plate tectonics

• Theorized in 1912 proven after WWII
• 12 large plates (lithosphere) float on liquid
  rock (asthenosphere)
• 200 million years ago, all one continent (Pangaea)

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Plate tectonics

• Divergent boundaries
• Generally mid-ocean
• Underwater volcanoes, few quakes
• Convergent boundaries
• Usually near continental edges
• Violent volcanoes near ocean, strong quakes
• Transform boundaries
• No volcanoes, mild to strong quakes

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Earthquakes

• Stress relief via crust movement
• 500,000 per year 800 felt
• Seismic waves of energy
• P-waves or primary waves (Slinky)
• S-waves or secondary waves (up and down)
• Earthquakes don't kill people, buildings (and gas
  mains) do

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Bam, Iran 12/26/2003
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Diastrophism

• Your responsibility!
• Folding vs. faulting
• Escarpment, rift valley, fault-block mountain
  (Sierra Nevada)

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Volcanism

• Pressure on molten rock
• Composite volcanoes
• Violent and explosive
• Along subduction zones
• Relatively hard to predict
• Shield volcanoes
• More calm and constant
• Along divergent boundaries or at hot spots
• Relatively less dangerous

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Mt. St. Helens 5/18/1980
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Mt. St. Helens 5/18/1980
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Mt. St. Helens 5/18/1980
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Krakatoa, Indonesia 8/26/1883
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Krakatoa, Indonesia 8/26/1883
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Gradational processes

• Weathering
• Chemical vs. physical
• Mass movement
• Erosion/deposition
• Water (rivers, oceans)
• Ice (glaciers)
• Wind

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Weathering

• Most mountains are going down faster than theyre
  going up
• Mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller
  pieces
• Frost action
• Salt crystals
• Roots
• Exfoliation
• Rock chemistry does not change

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Frost action
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Weathering

• Chemical weathering changes the chemistry of
  rocks
• Oxidation (exposure to oxygen)
• Hydrolysis (exposure to water)
• Carbonation (exposure to carbon dioxide)
• Warmth and water encourage chemical reactions
• Weathering loosens rock particles, creates soil

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Oxidation
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Carbonation
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Carbonation Karst
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Carbonation Sinkholes
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Carbonation Sinkholes
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Erosion and deposition

• Erosion carries particles away
• Deposition deposits them
• Running water
• Constant water, floods
• Most important landform agent in deserts
• Floodplains, levees, and deltas
• Arroyos and alluvial fans

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Floodplain
Levee
Delta
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IL
MO
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Alluvial fan
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Arroyo (TX)
Wadi (Oman)
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Glaciers

• Rivers of ice
• Carve out landforms from mountains
• Glacial troughs
• Fjords
• Cirques
• And deposit material when they leave
• Outwash plain
• Moraines

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Glacial landforms
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
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Glacial landforms California
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Glacial landforms Iowa
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Waves and coastlines

• Waves transfer energy, dont move water
• Energy moves particles down the coast (longshore
  current)
• Newer coastlineerosion
• Older coastlinedeposition
• Barrier reef only organically formed landform

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Longshore current
Pacific Palisades
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Erosion vs. deposition
Cancún
Acapulco
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Great Barrier Reef
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Great Barrier Reef