Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques

1
Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques

• There are a number of techniques which are used
  to diagnose prenatal defects in fetuses whose
  mothers are at risk of having a baby with an
  abnormality.
• This may be a question of a family history of an
  anomaly, or that the parents have already had one
  child with a defect.
• Prenatal testing may be performed on the grounds
  of the age of the mother.
• Common techniques are
• Alpha Feta Protein
• Amniocentesis
• Chorionic villus sampling
• Ultrasound scanning

2
Birthing Factors

• Toxemia or preeclampsia
• Bleeding during pregnancy
• Placent displasia
• Prolonged birth
• Breech births
• Cesarean section (25 of all births)
• Anoxia at birth is biggest risk

3
Apgar Test
Sign 0 1 2
Heart Rate Absent lt100 beats/min 100-140 beat/min
Respiratory Effort No breathing for 1 min Slow and irregular Good respiration normal crying
Muscle Tone Limb and flaccid Some flexion of extremities Good flexion and active motion
Reflex Irritability No facial expressions Some contortions and grimacing Active crying
Body color Blue or pale body/ Extremities Body pink w/blue extremities Pink all over
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
(No Transcript)
8
(No Transcript)
9
Plasticity The degree to which a developing
structure or behavior is susceptible
to Experience (i.e., nurture)
Can the environment RETARD motor development? Can
motor development be SPEEDED? Can motor
development be influenced by a babys culture?
10
Physical Development
Cephalocaudal Principle Head to tail
Proximodistal Principle Near and far
Principle of Hierarchical Integration
Principle of Independent Systems
11
(No Transcript)
12
Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills

• Month One
• Can lift chin slightly Hands fisted/reflexive
  grasp
• Month Two
• Wobbly head while sitting Swipes toys with
  /hands
• Month Three
• Holds head steady in sitting Hands open
• Rolls back to side Grasps/holds an object
• Puts weight on arms while on tummy Hands play at
  midline
• Month Four
• Sits on propped arms Reaches with both
  arms/hands
• Rolls tummy to side Brings fingers/hands in
  mouth
• No head lag seen when pulled to sit Squeeze
  grasp emerging
• Month Five
• Rolls tummy to back Reaches with good aim
• Wiggles few feet forward Puts objects/toys in
  mouth
• Pushes up with arms while on belly Picks up
  spoon or cup by handle
• Sits propped on hands Starts grabbing feet
• Month Six
• Sits briefly independently Reaches precisely
  and grasps objects

13
Gross Motor Skills Fine Motor Skills

• Month Seven
• Sits unsupported30 seconds Crosses midline
  when reaching
• Rocks on all fours Uses whole hand to rake in
  objects
• Pivots in a circle while on tummy Thumb to
  finger grasp emerging
• Month Eight
• Transitions tummy to sit Bangs cubes
  together
• Crawls forward Uses a three-fingered grasp
• Reaches while on tummy
• Month Nine
• Transitions sit to tummy Uses thumb to index
  finger grasp (crude)
• Pulls to stand while holding on Crude release
  of objects
• Creeps on all fours Drops toys and objects
• Stands while leaning on furniture Points index
  finger
• Month Ten
• Cruises along furniture Pokes with fingers
• Stands unsupported briefly Uses thumb to index
  finger grasp (precise)
• Transfers from crawl to sit Stacks objects
• Month Eleven
• Stands unsupported Releases a cube at will

14
Age Large Motor Skills Small Motor Skills 2 - 3
years Walks more rhythmically hurried walk
changes to run. Put on and removes simple items
of clothing. Jumps, hops, throws, and catches
with rigid upper body. Zips and unzips larger
zippers. Pushes riding toy with feet little
steering. Uses spoon effectively
15
3 - 4 years Walks up stairs, alternating feet,
and downstairs, leading with one foot. Fastens
and unfastens large buttons. Jumps and hops,
flexing upper body. Serves self food without
assistance. Throws and catches with slight
involvement of upper body still catches by
trapping ball against chest. Uses scissors.
Pedals and steers tricycle. Copies vertical line
and circle. Draws first picture of person,
using tadpole image.
16
4 - 5 years Walks downstairs, alternating feet.
Uses fork effectively. Runs more smoothly. Cuts
with scissors following line Gallops and skips
with one foot. Copies triangles, cross, and some
letters. Throws ball with increased body
rotation and transfer of weight on feet catches
ball with hands. Rides tricycle rapidly,
steers smoothly.
17
5 - 6 years Increases running speed. Uses knife
to cut soft food. Gallops more smoothly engages
in true skipping. Ties shoes. Displays mature
throwing and catching pattern. Draws person with
six parts. Rides bicycle with training wheels.
Copies some numbers and simple words.