World Geography Chapter 2 Notes

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World Geography Chapter 2 Notes

• Looking at the Earth

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Section 1

• Planet Earth

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The Solar System

• Earth is part of a solar system
• Sun is at center of solar system
• 1. Sun is a star
• 9 planets in the solar system
• 1. Earth is the 5th largest
• 2. Jupiter is the largest

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Earths measurements

• 93 million miles from Sun
• 3rd planet from Sun

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Water, Land , and Air

• 70 water
• 1. Hydrosphere oceans, lakes, rivers
• Land
• 1. Lithosphere Continents and ocean
  basins (land beneath oceans)
• Air
• 1. Atmosphere extends approximately 1,000
  feet above Earths surface
• Biosphere part of Earth where life is found

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Earths heights and depths

• Mt. Everest highest point ( 29,028 ft.)
• Mariana Trench lowest point (35,000 ft)
• Average height above sea level 2,800 ft.

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Inside the Earth (composed of four layers)

• Inner core center of the Earth (4,000 miles.
  below the surface)
• Outer core made of iron and nickel (begins
  about 1800 miles below the surface)
• Mantle a thick layer of dense hot rock
• Crust a thin layer next to the surface (3 to
  30 miles deep)
• 1. continents and ocean basins

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Earths changing structure

• Constantly changing due to internal and external
  forces

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Internal Forces

• Forces cause plates to move
• Plate spread apart forms a ridge
• Plates bump together forms a trench
• Internal forces build and break down mountains
• Folds bends in layers of rock
• Plates squeeze Earths surface until it buckles
• Faults breaks in the Earths surface
• occurs when surface cant be bent any further

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Internal Forces Continued

• Earthquakes and Volcanoes
• Can cause as much damage under the ocean as ones
  on land
• tsunami giant tidal waves
• Often occur where plates meet
• Many occur along the edge of plates under the
  Pacific ocean
• 1. Called the Ring of Fire
• Continental Drift theory geologist believe that
  all the continents used to be joined together
  (Pangea)

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External Forces

• Weathering process that breaks down rocks
• 1.Chemical water dissolves some of
  the chemicals in rocks. Causes them break apart
• 2. Physical water seeps into the
  rocks freezes expands and causes the rocks to
  break apart

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External Forces Continued

• Erosion wearing away of the Earths surface
• 1. Wind movement of dust, sand, and
  soil from one place to another
• 2. Water runoff digs into ground and
  rocks forms valleys and gullies
• Glaciers destroy forest and land as they move
  across land

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Section 2

• Earths Features

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Landforms

• Natural features of the Earths surface
• Classified by type to help people locate them

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Continents

• 7 large landmasses
• 1. Asia largest
• 2. Australia smallest
• Some people consider Europe and Asia to be one
  continent (Eurasia)
• 1. divided by the Ural Mountains

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Major landforms

• Mountains highest landform, steep slopes with a
  peak or summit
• Hills - lower than mountains, more rounded
• Plateaus higher than surrounding land, usually
  has one steep side (table top)
• Plains flat or gently rolling lands
• 1. Coastal plains have lower
  elevations
• 2. Interior plains have higher
  elevations
• Peninsula piece of land surrounded by water on
  3 sides (Florida)
• Archipelago a group or chain of islands
  (Hawaii)
• Continental Shelf underwater extension of a
  continent

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Mountainshighest landform, steep slopes with a
peak or summit
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Hillslower than mountains, more rounded
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Plateaushigher than surrounding land, usually
has one steep side (table top)
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PlainsFlat or gently rolling lands
1. Coastal plains have lower elevations
2. Interior plains have higher elevations
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Peninsula Piece of land surrounded by water on 3
sides (Florida)
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Archipelago A group or chain of islands (Hawaii)
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Valley
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Water Saltwater

• Most of the Earths water is salty.
• Oceans
• 1. Pacific
• 2. Atlantic
• 3. Indian
• 4. Arctic
• Seas bodies of salt water smaller than oceans

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Water Continued Freshwater

• Lake body of water surrounded by land
• Stream body of water flowing through land
• 1. Combine to form rivers
• 2. Rivers combine to form major waterways
• Groundwater freshwater that lies beneath the
  surface
• 1. main source comes from rain and melted
  snow
• 3 of worlds water is fresh
• 2 trapped in glaciers
• .5 is groundwater
• .5 rivers and lakes

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Glaciers
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Water Continued

• Water cycle regular movement of water from
  ocean to air to ground back to ocean
• 1. Begins with evaporation changing of
  liquid water to gas

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Section 3

• Earths Resources

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Natural resources

• Elements from the Earth not made by people but
  used by people
• 1. oil, water, soil
• Minerals things from the earth that are not
  living or made from living things
• Fossil Fuels formed from the remains of plants
  and animals
• 1. coal, oil, gas

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Value of resources

• Use, supply, and changes over time determine how
  valuable certain natural resources are
• 1. Gold
• 2. Rubber trees
• 3. Uranium

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Managing resources

• Renewable resources can replace themselves
• 1. plants and animals
• Nonrenewable cant be replaced
• 1. iron and fossil fuels
• Recycle to reuse but cant replace
• Protecting
• 1. crop rotation
• 2. conservation

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Distribution of resources

• Not distributed evenly
• Influences how countries relate to each other
• Scarcity has lead to trade
• 1. Japan imports raw material sells
  finished products
• Imports what a country brings in
• Exports what a country sends out