Expansion in Texas

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Causes
Workers, who had once produced much of what they
needed for themselves, began spending their
earnings on goods produced by other workers.
Farmers switch from subsistence to
specialization, producing one or two cash crops
to sell at home or abroad.
Increased industrialization led to greater
efficiency of production.
The Market Revolution
Effects
Farmers began to use mechanized equipment to meet
the growing demand for food in cities.
Industrial and agricultural production multiplied
while incomes rose.
Manufactured items became less expensive as
technological advances lowered prices.
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Invention/Improvement (Date)
Inventor
Significance
Vulcanized rubber (1839) Charles
Goodyear wouldnt freeze in cold weather or melt
in hot
Sewing machine (1846) Elias Howe led to factory
production of shoes and clothing
Telegraph (1837) Samuel Morse made long distance
communication almost instantaneous
Steamboat (1807) Robert Fulton made water
transportation faster, cheaper
Railroads (1830s-1840s) -------------------- beca
me fastest means of overland travel
Steel plow (1837) John Deere can be pulled by
horse instead of oxen
Mechanical reaper (1851) Cyrus McCormick allowed
one farmer to do the work of 5 hired hands
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Expansion in Texas

• Chapter 9, Section 3
• P. 288

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Mexican Independence

• Mexico won its independence in 1821.
• Northern Mexico included present-day NM, CA, TX,
  AR, NV, and UT.
• Mexico discovered that owning a large territory
  did not mean controlling it.
• Apache and Comanche Indians attack Mexican
  settlements in NM, and TX.

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Mexico Invites US Settlers

• Mexican govt encouraged American farmers to
  settle in TX to protect the territory from Indian
  attacks.
• American farmers were able to buy cheap land from
  empresarios, or land agents, but pledged to obey
  Mexican law and observe Catholicism.
• Americans soon outnumbered Mexicans in TX.

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Austin in Texas

• The most successful empresario, Stephen F. Austin
  established a strict colony in TX, and prospered.
• The US repeatedly tried to buy TX from Mexico,
  with no success.

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TX Fights for Independence

• As American immigration to TX surged, cultural
  tensions increased.
• Mexico abolished slavery in 1829 and insisted in
  vain that the American colonists free their
  slaves, which they were unwilling to do.
• In 1830, Mexico sealed its borders to any further
  immigration and slapped a heavy tax on American
  imports.

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• Mexico could not enforce its policies.
• The Anglo population doubled between 1830-1834.
• By 1835, 1,000 Americans were pouring into TX
  each month.
• When Mexican president Antonio Lopez de Santa
  Anna suspended the Mexican Constitution, several
  rebellions erupted, including the Texas
  Revolution.

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Remember the Alamo

• Austin had argued with Santa Anna for more
  self-govt for TX, w/o success.
• Austin decided that war was the colonists only
  option to continue their way of life.
• Santa Anna led a 4,000 man army towards San
  Antonio to force the Texans to obey Mexican laws.
• At the same time, Austin issued orders for Texans
  to arm themselves.

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• In San Antonio, 187 Texans moved into the Alamo,
  an old mission and fort.
• Santa Annas forces surrounded the Alamo and laid
  seige to the city.
• As the battle for the Alamo raged, Texans
  declared their independence from Mexico.
• After 12 days of fighting, Santa Annas men
  penetrated the Alamo and killed every last
  defender.

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http//www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-
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The Lonestar Republic

• 6 weeks after the Battle of the Alamo, Sam
  Houston led 900 men against Santa Annas forces
  near the San Jacinto River.
• Shouting Remember the Alamo, the Texans killed
  630 Mexican soldiers in 15 minutes and captured
  Santa Anna, who they set free after forcing him
  to sign a treaty granting TX its independence.

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• Houston was elected president of the Republic of
  Texas.
• For 9 years, most Texans hoped the US would annex
  TX into the US.
• Its hopes were delayed by antislavery forces who
  did not want TX to upset the sectional balance.
• Shortly after James K. Polk, a southerner and
  slaveholder, became president, TX became the 28th
  state.

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The War with Mexico

• Chapter 9, Section 4
• p. 293

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Polk Urges War

• Hostilities between the US and Mexico reignited
  over the American annexation of TX in 1845.
• James K. Polk had been elected US President in
  1844 and he believed that war with Mexico would
  bring not only TX, but also NM and CA, into the
  Union.
• The TX-Mexican border was disputed.

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Slidells Rejection

• Polk sent John Slidell to offer to buy CA and NM
  from Mexico and to gain Mexican approval of the
  Rio Grande as the TX border.
• Mexican president General Jose Herrera refused to
  see Slidell.
• Polk then sent General Zachary Taylor to blockade
  the Rio Grande, which the Mexicans viewed as a
  territorial violation.

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Sectional Attitudes Toward the War

• Many Southerners supported a war with Mexico.
  They saw it as an opportunity to extend slavery.
• Many Northerners opposed the war. Antislavery
  Whigs and abolitionists saw the war as a plot to
  expand slavery and ensure Southern domination of
  the Union.

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The War Begins

• With Taylor positioned on the Rio Grande, John C.
  Fremont led a military expedition into CA,
  another violation of Mexicos territorial rights.
• Mexico had had enough. A Mexican force crossed
  the Rio Grande, and in a skirmish, killed 11 US
  soldiers.
• Polk sent Congress a message that Mexico had
  started a war with the US.

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• Congress voted overwhelmingly in favor of war,
  despite dissent across the country.
• In 1846, Polk ordered Stephen Kearny to march
  from Fort Leavenworth, KS, to Santa Fe, NM, where
  he met with upper-class Mexicans who wanted to
  join the US.
• New Mexico fell to the US without a shot fired.

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The Bear Flag Republic

• A group of American settlers, led by Fremont,
  hoisted a flag over Sonoma that featured a
  grizzly bear, and declared their independence and
  proclaimed the nation of the Bear Flag Republic.
• Kearnys forces arrived from NM and joined forces
  with Fremont. Mexican troops quickly gave way,
  leaving US forces in control of CA.

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The War in Mexico

• American forces were very successful in Mexico.
• American leadership under people like Robert E.
  Lee and Ulysses S. Grant was much more capable
  than Mexican leadership.

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• The American invasion of Mexico lasted about a
  year.
• Along with Taylor, the Americans were led by
  General Winfield Scott.
• Santa Anna, who had been in exile in Cuba since
  being overthrown by Herrera, promised Polk that
  he would help the American cause if the US could
  sneak him back into Mexico. Once in Mexico, he
  reclaimed the presidency and took control of the
  army.

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• Taylors forces captured Monterrey in 1846 and
  Buena Vista in 1847.
• Scotts forces made an amphibious landing near
  Vera Cruz and captured that city.
• Scott then marched on Mexico City, which he
  captured on Sept. 14, 1847. Scotts forces did
  not lose a single battle during the Mexican War.

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America Claims the Spoils of War

• Mexico lost 50,000 men and half of its land.
• US lost 13,000 men (11,000 died from disease),
  but enlarged US territory by 1/3.

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• 1848 US and Mexico sign peace treaty, with
  Mexico ceding CA, NV, NM, UT, most of AZ, parts
  of CO, and WY. The US paid 15 million for these
  territories.
• 5 years later the US paid Mexico an additional
  10 million for the Gadsden Purchase,
  establishing the current borders of the lower US.

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Election of 1848

• Polk did not run for reelection in 1848 due to
  his poor health.
• Democratic nominee was Lewis Cass.
• Some Democrats supported Martin Van Buren, who
  led the new antislavery Free-Soil Party.
• The Whig nominee, war hero Taylor, narrowly won
  the election.

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The CA Gold Rush

• In 1848, gold was discovered at Sutters Mill in
  CAs Sierra Nevada Mts.
• News spread quickly and thousands flocked to CA
  to pan for gold.
• The population of San Francisco jumped from 1,000
  in 1848 to 35,000 in 1859.
• CA quickly reached the population requirement and
  applied for statehood as a free state.

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http//www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-
us/videos/playlists/exclusive-videogold-rush
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Californias application for statehood again
threatened to throw off the sectional balance
between free and slave states.