Confined Space Awareness

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Module 8
Emergencies
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DISCLAIMER

• This material was produced under grant number
  SH-22248-1 from the Occupational Safety and
  Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor.
  It does not necessarily reflect the views or
  policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor
  does mention of trade names, commercial products,
  or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S.
  Government.

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Objectives

• After this module you should be able to
• identify the most common emergencies
• take the necessary steps to avoid and respond to
  emergencies

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your company must have an emergency action plan
and should have BOP drills and fire drills
the emergency action plan must be available for
workers to review
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Alarms

• The types of alarms you might hear
• fire
• blowout
• abandon site
• H2S
• all clear
• You should be trained so that you can readily
  identify what each alarm means and what action
  you should take

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Emergency Action Plan Elements

• Procedures for reporting a fire or other
  emergency
• Procedures for emergency evacuation, including
  type of evacuation and exit route assignments
• Procedures to be followed by workers who remain
  to operate critical operations before they
  evacuate

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Emergency Action Plan Elements

• Procedures to account for all workers after
  evacuation
• Procedures to be followed by workers performing
  rescue or medical duties
• The name or job title of every employee who may
  be contacted by workers who need more information
  about the plan or an explanation of their duties
  under the plan

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911 Emergency Service

• 911 will be used on all sites unless the service
  does not exist in that area
• Your company will determine availability
• Satellite phones or 2-way radios may be used when
  cell phone reception cannot be achieved

911
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Geronimo Line

• Setting up the geronimo line
• periodically checked, adjusted if necessary
• 6-12 feet of sag in the middle
• anchor point on ground should be at least 2 times
  the distance from the derrick as its starting
  point is high
• anchor point should be able withstand a 3000
  pound force
• You should be trained on its use
• Never ride unless in an emergency

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this geronimo line has been tied off to the
ladder, an insufficient anchor point
Corrective Action contact your supervisor and
arrange for the anchor point to be moved to the
derrick
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Medical Emergencies

• Oil and gas operations are often in remote areas
  far from emergency medical care
• establish a site-wide communication system and a
  reliable way of contacting EMS on the work site
  identify areas of cell phone reception or the
  phone(s) to be used in the event of an emergency
• review the emergency plan and procedures for
  emergency contact with the employees at all work
  sites
• discuss what to do if a serious injury occurs

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First Aid Kits

• First aid kits should be
• kept clean
• well stocked
• inspected often
• available when needed
• kept in a visible location
• located throughout the site
• marked clearly with signage

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first aid kits must be checked regularly and
restocked when necessary
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Eye Wash Stations and Showers

• Many corrosive materials are used in the oil and
  gas industry
• The eyes and body may be harmfully exposed to
  these materials
• Suitable facilities for quick drenching or
  flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided
  on the site for emergency use

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this is an example of an emergency shower
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this is an example of an emergency eye wash
station
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eye wash stations should be located throughout
the site
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this first aid station is blocked
Corrective Action the space in front of
emergency equipment should remain accessible at
all times
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this fire extinguisher is visible and free of
obstructions, but needs mounted
Corrective Action mount this extinguisher at
least 4 inches but no more than 5 feet high
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Fire Protection Elements

• Portable fire extinguishers
• Fire and employee alarm systems
• Controlling sources of ignition
• Storage of flammable materials
• Disposal of flammable materials

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Preventing Fires

• Never store flammables in open or unapproved
  containers
• Store flammables in a special storage cabinet
  that is well marked with warning signs for
  everyone to see
• Control all ignition sources around flammable
  liquids
• Smoke in designated areas only

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Sources of Ignition

• Open flames
• Smoking
• Cutting or welding
• Static electricity
• Hot surfaces
• Electrical and mechanical sparks
• Sparking tools or devices
• Lightning

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Disposing of Oil-Soaked Rags

• Dispose of oil-soaked rags in a metal container
  with a tight-fitting lid
• keeps oxygen away and reduces chance of fire
• when exposed to air, some rags can produce enough
  heat to spontaneously ignite
• Mark these special containers as Oil-Soaked Rags
  ONLY

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Extinguisher Maintenance

• Must maintain in a fully charged and operable
  condition
• Must keep in their designated places at all times
  except during use
• Visually inspect portable extinguishers and hoses
  monthly
• Must conduct an annual maintenance check

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Employee Training

• Your company must familiarize workers with the
  general principles of fire extinguisher use
• This training must be given at the beginning of
  employment and annually thereafter

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PASS
PULL
AIM
SQUEEZE
SWEEP
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Extinguisher Classification

• Class A
• ordinary combustibles (wood, cloth, paper)
• Class B
• flammable liquids, gases, greases
• Class C
• energized electrical equipment
• Class D
• combustible metals
• Class K
• kitchen grease

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Diesel Engine Runaway

• Based on the principles of operation for diesel
  engines, gas released into the atmosphere near
  the air intake can cause the engine to race out
  of control
• Devices that cut off air intake during a
  runaway should be installed on ALL diesel
  engines stationary or mobile where a gas
  release could occur

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Internal Combustion Engines

• Spark arrestors should be installed on all
  engines within 100 feet of the wellbore
• Rig power emergency shutdown devices should be
  actuation-checked every week
• Other emergency shutdowns should be
  actuation-checked every month

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Pressure Release

• A pressure release occurs when a high-pressure
  line or hose fails at either one of the
  connection points or at some point along its
  length
• This can cause injury to a worker in several ways
  including
• the actual fluid or gas in the line or hose
• the line or hose whipping uncontrollably

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existing wellheads on site should be barricaded
and caged
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hoses can become damaged with nicks, cuts, or
gouges and could burst
inspect cables and hoses frequently for damage to
prevent emergencies
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Wildlife

• Snakes
• leave alone do not play, handle, or harass
• always look inside items lying on the ground
• if bitten seek medical help immediately
• Wasps and bees
• food and sugary drinks will attract
• if you are allergic, tell your supervisor
• Spiders
• check your boots
• if bitten seek medical help immediately

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Adverse Weather

• Lightning
• avoid metal pipes, fences, and poles
• follow your companys policy
• Windstorms
• wind advisories should be taken seriously
• if too windy, stop work, watch for dead limbs and
  trees, and seek shelter
• Tornadoes
• keep tract of advisories
• if present, seek shelter in basement or areas of
  building with maximum number of walls

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Adverse Weather

• Sun and UV Exposure
• too much sun can damage the skin and cause skin
  cancer
• protect yourself with sun screen or wear long
  sleeves
• Snow and Ice
• watch your footing to avoid slips
• be aware of ice buildup on equipment
• slow down, whether on foot or driving

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TRAP

• Terrorism Response Awareness Training
• Terrorism is a political act designed by groups
  to have their message heard
• Methods of terrorism
• firearms, explosives/fire, chemical agents,
  biological agents, and nuclear
• Prevention of terrorism
• primary prevention
• secondary prevention
• tertiary prevention

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Hazwoper

• Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
• Emergencies involving hazardous materials require
  specific attention
• Your company or your host employer will be
  required to follow OSHA regulations concerning
  hazardous material emergencies
• Never attempt the clean up of a hazardous spill
  unless you are trained

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PSM

• Process Safety Management
• Program covers the safe management of hazards
  associated with processes involving highly
  hazardous chemicals
• Basically, what could go wrong, and how to deal
  with it
• If your company has this program, your role might
  be to perform process evaluations, audits, or
  investigations

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Applicable Standards

• 1910.38 Emergency Action Plans
• 1910.119 Process Safety Management of Highly
  Hazardous Chemicals
• 1910 Subpart L Fire Protection
• 1926.35 Employee Emergency Action Plans
• 1926 Subpart F Fire Protection and Prevention

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Your Employer Is Responsible For

• Informing workers of the fire and pressure
  release hazards to which they are exposed
• Preparing, implementing, and training on
  emergency action plans for all types of
  foreseeable emergencies

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You Are Responsible For

• Being familiar with and following your companys
  emergency action plan
• Knowing what to do in the event of a medical
  emergency
• Doing your part to prevent fires and pressure
  release

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Case Study

• An equipment operator discovered a co-worker
  lying motionless. He responded by checking for
  vital signs and found none. He went to the
  nearest first aid kit to obtain a clear mouth
  barrier to begin CPR. The barrier was missing.
  The county coroner stated that the additional
  time needed to find a barrier may have
  contributed to loss of life.

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Always Remember

• Review the emergency action plans and the fire
  prevention plans
• You can prevent fires and pressure releases by
  taking appropriate actions
• Before beginning a job in a new area, locate the
  nearest
• fire extinguisher
• eyewash station
• emergency shower
• emergency exit route

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Memory Check

• How much should a properly tensioned geronimo
  escape line sag in the middle?
• 1-2 feet
• 3-5 feet
• 6-12 feet
• it should not sag at all

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Memory Check

• First aid kits should be
• located in a visible location
• fully stocked
• available for use
• all of the above

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Memory Check

• According to OSHA, how often must portable fire
  extinguishers be visually inspected?
• daily
• weekly
• monthly
• annually