CHAPTER 6 LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION

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CHAPTER 6LAUNCHING THE NEW NATION

• SECTION 1-WASHINGTON HEADS THE NEW GOVT
• SECTION 2-FOREIGN AFFAIRS TROUBLE THE NATION
• SECTION 3-JEFFERSON ALTERS THE NATIONS COURSE
• SECTION 4-THE WAR OF 1812

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SECTION 1-Washington Heads the New Govt

• George Washington had no desire to be the
  president after the Constitutional Convention he
  wanted to retire to his home in Mt. Vernon,
  Virginia.
• The American people had different ideas and
  Washington was the unanimous choice for the first
  presidential election in 1789. He reluctantly
  accepted.

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• One of the 1st things that Washington and
  Congress did was to create a judicial system.
• The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for a Supreme
  Court with 6 judges, federal circuit courts, and
  federal district courts.
• It also stated that federal laws were the
  supreme law of the land in cases involving
  state disputes of constitutional issues.

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GEORGE WASHINGTON1789-1797
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• When Washington took office, the executive branch
  only consisted of the Pres and VP.
• To help these leaders govern, Congress approved
  the Dept of State (foreign affairs), Dept of War
  (military affairs), and Dept of Treasury
  (financial affairs)
• Washington chose Thomas Jefferson, Henry Knox,
  and Alexander Hamilton to be in charge of these
  depts.
• These men were the presidents advisors, Cabinet.

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Hamilton and Jefferson were both brilliant men,
but both had very different political views and
often disagreed.
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Hamilton vs. Jefferson

• Hamilton believed that govt should be led by the
  prosperous, educated, upper-class.
• He believed that trade and industry were the keys
  to a strong nation with a strong natl govt.
• He also proposed a plan to manage the countrys
  debts and established a natl banking system.
• Hamilton found favor with Northern states.

• Jefferson distrusted a strong natl govt.
• He favored strong state and local govts.
• He favored a society based on farmer-citizens.
• Jeffersons views won support in the Southern and
  Western states.

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• Hamiltons natl banking system proposed to pay
  off foreign debts and issue bonds.
• Also, he believed that the federal govt should
  absorb state debts so that creditors would be
  willing to support the new govt.
• The Bank of the US (BUS) would issue paper and
  handle govt funds.

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• Many people argued that the BUS would tie the
  govt too close to wealthy business interests.
• In order to gain support for the BUS in the
  South, Hamilton proposed that the nations
  capitol be moved to the South-between VA and MD.
• Southerners agreed and the capitol was created in
  Washington, D.C.

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Washington, D.C.Plans proposed by Pierre
LEnfant, Andrew Ellicott and Benjamin Banneker
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• Washington tried to solve the differences between
  Hamilton and Jefferson, but was unable.
• This gave rise to the nations first political
  parties and the two party system.
• Hamiltons supporters were called the
  Federalists, while Jeffersons called themselves
  the Democratic-Republicans.

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• During Washingtons 2nd term, an event occurred
  that showed the tension between federal and
  regional values.
• In 1789 Congress had passed a protective tariff
  (tax on imported goods) and an excise tax on the
  manufacture of whiskey.
• Since whiskey is made from corn, farmers were
  hurt the most by the new tax.

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• Farmers in PA refused to pay the tax and
  threatened to secede from the Union.
• The Whiskey Rebellion was eventually put down by
  15,000 militiamen without the loss of life.

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SECTION 2-Foreign Affairs Trouble the Nation

• After the American Revolution, the French also
  began a revolution of their own to overthrow the
  monarchy.
• The French also declared war on England.
• Dem-Rep wanted to support France and Fed wanted
  to back the British.
• Pres Washington decided on neutrality-to support
  neither side.

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• The British began intercepting US ships they
  believed were bound for France and impressing
  their sailors (taking sailors captive and forcing
  them to serve the British).
• This was intended to hurt the French, but hurt
  the US ability to trade.

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• Chief Justice John Jay negotiated a treaty with
  England so that they would give up land in the
  Northwest and leave the Caribbean open for free
  trade.

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• In 1796 Washington retired from the presidency
  after two terms.
• Fed nominated John Adams (Pres) and Thomas
  Pinckney (VP).
• Dem-Rep nominated Thomas Jefferson (Pres) and
  Aaron Burr (VP).
• Adams became Pres and Jefferson became VP. This
  meant Pres and VP were from opposing political
  parties.

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• This election showed the degree of sectionalism
  in the country because the North had voted for
  Adams and the South had voted for Jefferson.
• Shortly after the election the French became
  angry about Jays Treaty and seized American
  ships.
• The French (through the use of secret agents
  calling themselves X, Y, Z) demanded bribes in
  order to stop the problem.
• Pres Adams solved the XYZ Affair by using
  diplomacy.

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• Despite his efforts, Adams was criticized and
  accused of favoring immigrants.
• The Fed passed the Alien and Sedition Acts.
• These acts made it harder for immigrants to
  become citizens (requirements were raised from 5
  to 14 yrs) and handed out harsher punishments for
  people who criticized the govt.
• The President could also deport or jail anyone
  considered undesirable.

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• KY and VA refused to abide by the acts. They
  acted on the idea of nullification-that states
  could refuse to obey federal laws they believed
  unconstitutional.

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SECTION 3-Jefferson Alters the Nations Course

• The Pres election of 1800 was a huge struggle b/t
  Jefferson (Dem-Rep) and J. Adams (Fed).
• Aaron Burr, who was Jeffersons running mate
  actually tied Jefferson in the electoral college,
  but the HoR voted to break the tie. Jefferson won
  the tie.

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John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
Aaron Burr
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• This event led Congress to realize that they
  needed to change the electoral system.
• They passed the 12th Amendment which called for
  electors to cast separate ballots for Pres and VP.

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Shortly after losing the election, Aaron Burr
read comments made about him by Alexander
Hamilton, his longtime political enemy.Burr,
hoping for publicity, challenged Hamilton to a
duel.Usually, after a challenge was made
differences were reconciled, but Hamilton and
Burr did not resolve their differences and
decided to duel.
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Burr vs. Hamilton

• The most famous duel in American history, the
  Burr-Hamilton duel arose from a long-standing
  political and personal rivalry that had developed
  between both men over a course of years. Tensions
  reached a bursting point with Hamilton's
  journalistic defamation of Burr's character
  during the 1804 New York gubernatorial race in
  which Burr was a candidate. Fought at a time when
  the practice of dueling was being outlawed in the
  northern United States, the duel had immense
  political ramifications. Burr, who survived the
  duel, would be indicted for murder in both New
  York and New Jersey (though these charges were
  either later dismissed or resulted in acquittal),
  and the harsh criticism and animosity directed
  towards him would bring about an end to his
  political career and force him into a
  self-imposed exile. Further, Hamilton's untimely
  death would fatally weaken the fledgling remnants
  of the Federalists which, following with the
  death of George Washington (1732-1799) five years
  earlier, was left without a strong leader.

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• President Jefferson believed that the govt,
  especially the Presidency should be accessible to
  the people.
• He even walked to his inauguration instead of
  riding in a carriage and oftentimes received
  visitors in his robes, slippers, and not wearing
  a powdered wig!!!!!!

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• Jefferson tried to shrink the natl govt and cut
  costs wherever possible.
• He drastically reduced the size of the military,
  cut costs for govt social functions, and
  eliminated all internal taxes.
• Jefferson was the 1st President to take up
  residence in the new capitol of D.C.
• He and the next 2 Presidents (Madison Monroe)
  would also be from the South (Virginia).

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• As Fed became less influential in both the exec.
  and leg. branches, they became more powerful in
  the jud. branch.
• John Marshall, a strong Fed decided on many cases
  that would greatly strengthen the powers of the
  Supreme Court.
• In the Judiciary Act of 1801 the of federal
  courts was increased.
• In the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) the SC
  was given the power of judicial review, to
  declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.

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John Marshall
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• In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte convinced Spain to
  give France the Louisiana territory, which it had
  received in 1762.
• In 1803 Napoleon offered to sell the entire
  Louisiana territory to the U.S.
• The land was sold for 15 million.
• With the Louisiana Purchase the size of the U.S.
  doubled in size!

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• After the purchase, Jefferson appointed
  Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the
  Louisiana territories.
• The expedition was called the Corps of Discovery
  and would explore from St. Louis to the Pacific
  coast.
• The expedition would take 2 yrs and the Corps
  gained scientific knowledge about unknown plants,
  animals, and Indian tribes.

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Captain Meriwether Lewis
"Lewis' First Glimpse of the Rockies"by Olaf
Seltzer
Captain William Clark
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Lewis and Clark's Outbound Route Shown in Red,
Inbound in Blue
Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark and
31 other persons comprised the Permanent Party
of the 1804-1806 Lewis and Clark Expedition.
Although many individuals were associated with
the military cadre during its 1803-1804 initial
stages of travel from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to
Fort Mandan, North Dakota, only those 33 members
who journeyed from Fort Mandan to Fort Clatsop,
Oregon, and returned comprised the Permanent
Party. In addition, there was a 34th member
Seaman, Captain Lewis dogg of the Newfoundland
breed.
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Sacagawea, with the infant Jean Baptiste, was the
only woman to accompany the 33 members of the
permanent party to the Pacific Ocean and back.
Baptiste, who Captain Clark affectionately named
Pomp or Pompy for his little dancing boy
frolicking, rode with Sacagawea in the boats and
on her back when they traveled on horseback. Her
activities as a member of the Corps included
digging for roots, collecting edible plants and
picking berries all of these were used as food
and sometimes, as medicine. On May 14, 1805, the
boat Sacagawea was riding in was hit by a high
wind and nearly capsized. She recovered many
important papers and supplies that would
otherwise have been lost, and her calmness under
duress earned the compliments of the captains.
Sacagawea Statue (Bismarck, ND)
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Discoveries
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SECTION 4-The War of 1812

• Despite the agreements that the U.S., France, and
  England had come to, both France and England
  continued seizing American ships and impressing
  their crews into the navy.
• Jefferson put an embargo on foreign trade with
  the 2 countries.

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• Meanwhile, Gen. William Henry Harrison convinced
  several Indian chiefs to give up 3 million acres
  of land to the U.S. govt.
• Several chiefs, including Tecumseh, believed they
  should form a confederation to protect Indian
  lands.
• Tecumseh also began negotiating with the British
  for assistance and encouraging support from
  Indian tribes in the Midwest.
• Tribes began attacking American troops and they
  were defeated.

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Tecumseh
William Henry Harrison
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• Several young, Southern Congressmen known as war
  hawks demanded war against England.
• In 1808 James Madison became the Pres and decided
  to go to war in 1812.
• The first couple of years did not go well for the
  Americans.
• By 1814 the British had reached D.C. and burned
  down the White House.

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• At the same time, Gen. Andrew Jackson was gaining
  huge victories over Indian tribes located in the
  South.
• Ironically, Jacksons greatest victory occurred
  after the war was over at the Battle of New
  Orleans.
• Unknown to Jackson, diplomats from England and
  the U.S. met and signed the Treaty of Ghent and
  declared armistice.

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Battle of New Orleans
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• The Treaty of Ghent did not grant any official
  land gains to the US, but is did keep the
  Mississippi River and the frontier open,
  encouraging western migration.
• It also showed that the US could defend itself
  against foreign powers.
• Perhaps most importantly, the War of 1812 helped
  produce a stronger sense of national identity
  among US citizens.
• People felt a great amount of pride after
  standing up to the mighty Britishagain!
• Another benefit was the boom in American-made
  products.