Theories of Intelligence

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Theories of Intelligence

• Piaget, Vygotsky, Sternberg, Gardner

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Theories of Intelligence

• Geographic IQ testing, Spearman
• Computational cog. neuroscience
• Epistemological child development, Piaget
• Sociological Vygotsky, Sternberg
• Systems Sternberg, Gardner

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Frames of MindTheory of Multiple Intelligences

• Sources of Theory
• Piaget
• Vygotsky
• Sternberg

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Jean Piaget 1896 - 1980
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Piaget Child as Scientist

• Discovers creates knowledge of world
• Discovers creates methods of knowing the world
• Stages of Development
• Stable periods equilibrium
• Transitional / crisis periods reorganization

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Piaget Basic Processes

• Adaptation agreement of thought with external
  world
• Assimilation adding new info to old schemas
• Accommodation adapting schemas to new info
• Organization internal coherence of knowledge

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Equilibration and Reorganization

• Confirmation of knowledge
• ? equilibration stability
• Disconfirmation of knowledge
• ? disequilibrium reorganization

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Stages

1. Sensorimotor (0 - 2 yrs)
2. Symbolic / pre-operational (2 7 yrs)
3. Concrete operations (7 11 yrs)
4. Formal operations (11 15 yrs)

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Sensorimotor Stage

• Coordination of reflexes
• Beginning of object permanence
• Emergence of causality
• Active experimenting on world
• Invention of new means by mental combination (18
  24 months)
• ? beginning of symbolic thought

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Symbolic / pre-operational

• Use of symbols language, numbers, etc.
• Concrete limited to here now
• failure to recognize conservation
• Egocentric focus on childs relations to
  objects, not relationships of objects with other
  objects

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Concrete Operations

• Basic logical mathematical operations
• (including conservation of substance, volume,
  weight
• classification)
• Can think in ways that contradict immediate
  impressions
• Cant manipulate systems of abstractions
• (cant do proofs of theorems)

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Formal Operations

• Operations on operations
• (Given bucket of water objects -- asked to
  figure out why some float and some dont -- can
  figure out notion of density.)
• Mental exploration of possible worlds

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Piaget Main Criticisms

1. Periods achieved gradually, with little
   discontinuity
2. Can perform some higher-level tasks when
   procedures modified
3. Operations often dont generalize, but remain
   specific to tasks

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Lev Vygotsky 1896 - 1934
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Lev Vygotsky

• Intelligence is social cultural
• Growth of intelligence based on internalization
  of social processes
• Intelligence is product of history resides in
  culture

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Vygotsky Key Ideas

• Tools symbols
• Zone of Proximal Development
• (ZPD)
• Apprenticeship Learning

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Robert Sternberg
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Robert Sternberg

• Analytic what IQ achievement tests measure
• Practical real-world problem-solving
• Creative art, music, literature, etc.

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Studying Practical Intelligence

• Formulating Hypotheses Test
• In-Basket Exercises
• ? Both use panels of expert raters

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Howard Gardner
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Frames of Mind

• Artificial Intelligence
• software
• central processor
• Single

• Neuroscience
• hardware
• modules
• Multiple

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Sources of Evidence

• Prodigies
• Brain damage
• (eliminates or spares)
• Information-processing systems
• Developmental history

• Evolutionary history or plausibility
• Lab experiments
• Correlational research (intelligence tests)
• Encoding in symbol system

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Criteria for Intelligence

• Neurobiological system
• Symbol system

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Intelligences

1. Linguistic
2. Logical-mathematical
3. Musical
4. Spatial
5. Bodily Kinesthetic
6. Personal knowledge of self others

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Stages of Development
Novice ? Apprentice ? Journeyman ? Expert