The European Conquest of the Americas

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Spanish Portuguese Colonies
By Ms. Susan M. PojerAdapted Manipulated by
Mr. FX Scherrman
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Spain Portugal Dominate Early Settlement
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European Explorations
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Ruling the Spanish Empire

• Silver dominated the Spanish empire in the
  Americas
• Settlers and Missionaries followed the
  conquistadors
• It was their duty to claim land for their king
  and the Church
• To control their new areas in the Americas, the
  king of Spain appointed viceroys, or
  representatives who ruled in his name, in each
  province.
• Council of Indies, back in Spain, monitored
  viceroys and all dealings of provinces in
  colonies.

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panish ilver Coin

• 1536 to 1572
• 1572 to 1734

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Catholic Church

• R.C.C. played a key role in the colonies.
• They served as government officials
• Converted Native Americans regulated Spanish
  Settlers
• Franciscan, Jesuit, and other missionaries
  baptized thousands, built churches, and enforced
  European culture over Native American Culture

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The Economy

• Spain controlled all aspects!
• Could only import and export with Spain
• Sugar Cane became a new valuable resource
  (sugar, molasses, rum)
• Had to be grown on a plantations, large estates
  run by an owner or owners overseer.
• Also needed a great deal of labor.
• Encomiendas, the right to demand labor or tribute
  from Native Americans in a certain area, helped
  deal with the labor issue for early Spanish
  conquistadors.
• Key cause of population decline in N.A.

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Bartolomé de las Casas

• Priest in the new world
• Condemned the ecnomienda system and treatment of
  Native Americans.
• Spain banned enslavement of N.A. in 1542.
• Still, many N.A. were forced to become peons,
  workers forced to labor in order to pay off a
  debt.
• Many could never pay them off.

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Bringing Workers from Africa

• As demand for sugar products skyrocketed, the
  settlers imported millions of Africans as slaves.
• Africans and their American-born descendants
  eventually outnumber European setters.
• De las Casas, initially recommend the import of
  African slaves, but later regretted his
  recommendation as the slave trade flourished.

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The Colonial Social Structure
Creoles American born descendants.
Peninsulares Born in Spain
Mulattos African European
Mestizos Native American European
Native Indians
African Slaves
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Cities

• Settlers preferred to live in towns and cities
• Centers of intellectual, cultural, religious,
  political life.

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Education

• Began as a religious need.
• Had to have educated priests.
• Women who wanted an education entered convents.
• University of Mexico was established in 1551

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Cultural Blending

• Settlers learned styles of building, native
  foods, Indian style canoes, artistic styles.
• Europeans introduced religion the horse!
• Africans introduced new foods, farming methods,
  dance, song, cooking styles.

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European Empires in the Americas
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Portuguese Colony in Brazil

• The Economy
• No silver or gold.
• Exported brazilwood, used to make precious red
  dye.
• became a popular coloring agent for cotton,
  woolen cloth and red ink.
• Eventually turned to plantation farming and
  cattle raising.
• A New Culture
• African, European, Native American patterns
  blended to form the Brazilian culture.

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Challenging Spanish Power

• Other European countries quickly wanted to
  challenge Spanish power.
• Smugglers traded illegally with Spanish colonies
• French, Dutch, English pirates raided Spanish
  ships
• Privateers, pirates who operated with the
  approval of European governments to challenge
  Spanish power.
• Queen Elizabeth knighted Sir Francis Drake for
  his privateer acts.

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End for now.
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Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered
the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??
Docs. 1- 4
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The Columbian Exchange
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Corn Potatoes

• Two of the most important products to come from
  America to the rest of the world.
• The Potato saves Europe!
• Good carbs., calories, vitamin A C.
• Easy to grow in a variety of climates.
• Had to fight a negative stereotype, but once it
  took off it helped boost the worlds population.

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The Negative Trade

• Disease traveled from the Europeans to the Native
  Americans.
• Millions of Native Americans died from Smallpox,
  influenza, typhus, malaria, diphtheria.
• The N.A. population in Central Mexico decreased
  from about 25 million in 1519 to about 1 million
  in 1605!

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Global Trade

• New wealth and a growing global trade changed the
  way Europe did business.
• Capitalism, an economic system bases on private
  ownership and the investment of resources, such
  as money, for profit.
• tradewealthinvestment into more trade other
  businessesmore wealth.

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Global Trade

• Joint-Stock Company investors buy shares of
  stock in a company.
• Less risk when many investors combine their
  wealth for a common purpose.
• If it fails a lot of investors are out a little
  money, instead of a few out a lot!
• If it succeeds a lot of investors profit.
• Jamestown settlement was established by a
  joint-stock company.

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Mercantilism

• The power of a country depended mainly on its
  wealth!

1. Get as much gold and silveras you can.
2. Establish a favorable balance of trade. (Sell
   more goods than you buy!)
3. Get colonies. (could get you a favorable balance
   of trade.)

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Cycle of Conquest Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Missionaries
PermanentSettlers
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
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Slave Ship
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Coffin Position Below Deck
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African CaptivesThrown Overboard
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Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
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Sacrifice of the First-Bornby Theodore de Bry