SAS

1
SAS Maps as Tools to Display and Clarify
Healthcare Outcomes

• Barbara B. Okerson, HMC, Richmond, VA

2
Abstract

• Changes in healthcare and other industries
  often have a spatial component. Maps can be used
  to convey this type of information more quickly
  than tabular reports and other non-graphical
  formats. SAS, SAS/GRAPH and ODS graphics provide
  SAS programmers with the tools to display spatial
  data in a meaningful manner that aids in
  understanding of changes that have transpired.
• This presentation illustrates the creation of
  a number of different maps for displaying change
  over time with examples from the healthcare
  arena. Examples include choropleth, bubble, and
  distance maps and introduce the new GEOCODE
  procedures.

3
Purpose

• Identify population/demographic differences
• Identify providers/provider areas in need of
  improvement
• Identify regional differences in healthcare
  delivery
• Identify population differences
• Identify changes in outcomes by demographics

4
Maps as images

• When generating a map as an image, the user has
  extensive control over the map's appearance.
  These maps allow users to do the following within
  the procedure
• For block maps, specify
• Block width,
• outline colors for blocks and map areas,
• the angle of view
• For choropleth maps, specify
• colors and patterns that fill the map areas, and
• ranges for the response variable.
• For prism maps, specify
• ranges for the response values, and
• specify the angle of view.
• Hide the legend, or change its features
• Add titles and footnotes to the map
• Use annotations to enhance the map and
• Create non-spatial maps.

5
Types of maps

• Choropleth
• Block
• Prism

6
Types of maps (cont.)

• Area
• Other

7
ACTIVE-X and JAVA

• Both ActiveX and Java allow
• A pop-up box that displays data values as mouse
  moves over area
• Panning, rotating, or zooming the map
• Changing the use of color in map areas, legend or
  background
• Hiding the legend, or changing its features and
• Displaying or hiding a background image (when
  used).
• Additionally, Java allows
• Changing the map type so that values for the
  response data are represented as
• blocks that are set on the map areas,
• patterns or colors in the map areas, or
• raised polygons in the map areas.

8
Pop-ups and flyovers
Java- popup Active-X - flyover
9
Included maps

• Purpose understand health care outcomes
• Choropleth with graphic markers
• Choropleth color patterns
• Population distribution
• Fetal mortality rates
• Medical costs
• Geocoding non-geographic example
• Bubble map bubbles for linked labels
• National county map

10
(No Transcript)
11
GMAP SAS code

• proc gmap mapmaps.us datamaprank
• id state
• choro raterank / levels5 coutlineblack
  legendlegend1 annotatelabels
• run
• quit

12
Annotate SAS code

• data labels
• length function color 8 text 25
• retain function 'label' xsys ysys '2' hsys '3'
  when 'a'
• set office2
• textput(pass,passfmt.) position'5'
  color'red' size7
• style'Marker' output
• run

13
(No Transcript)
14
Annotate SAS code

• data labels
• length function color 8 text 1 style 15
• retain function 'label' xsys ysys '2' hsys '3'
  when 'a'
• set office2
• if pass1 then do
• textput(pass,passfmt.) position'B'
  color'blue' size4
• style'"Webdings"' output end
• if pass2 then do
• textput(pass,passfmt.) position'B'
  color'red' size5.5
• style'"Webdings"' output end
• run

15
(No Transcript)
16
Annotate SAS Code

• data labels
• length function 8 style 15
• retain xsys ysys '2' hsys '3' when 'a'
• set office2
• function'move' output
• function'image'
• style'fit'
• imgpath'r\bokerson\sas global forum\sgf
  2010\office.bmp'xx0.05 yy0.05
• output
• run

17
Map color patterns

• SAS provides many options
• Default list
• Specify color list (color name, RGB value, HLS
  Value and Hex Value)
• Specify pattern list (color name, RGB value, HLS
  Value and Hex Value)
• colorscale, a SAS-supplied macro
  HTTP//FTP.SAS.COM/TECHSUP/DOWNLOAD/SAMPLE/GRAPH/O
  THER-COLOR.HTML
• Safe for black/white colors(white bwh vpab
  vlipb lib) or colors(bwh vpab vlipb lib virp)

18
Color references

• SAS TS-688 http//support.sas.com/techsup/technote
  /ts688/ts688.html
• http//www.colourlovers.com/
• http//www.hitmill.com/html/pastels.html
• http//www.w3schools.com/html/html_colors.asp
• http//www.netstrider.com/tutorials/HTML/colors/
• http//www.visibone.com/vaccc/

19
Choropleth map population change
20
Color patterns - greens

• pattern1 valuemsolid colorcxFFFF66
• pattern2 valuemsolid colorcxCCFF00
• pattern3 valuemsolid colorcx66FF00
• pattern4 valuemsolid colorcx009900
• pattern5 valuemsolid colorcx666600

21
Choropleth map intervention impact
22
Color patterns - oranges

• goptions colors(white cxFFDAB9 cxFFA07A
  cxF2691E cxB85800)
• Note pattern statements take precedence over
  goptions if using goptions do not use pattern.

23
Choropleth change in cost
24
Color patterns - mixed

• pattern1 v msolid c LemonChiffon
• pattern2 v msolid c cxffcc00
• pattern3 v msolid c orange
• pattern4 v msolid c cxd9892b
• pattern5 v msolid c vpag
• pattern6 v msolid c YellowGreen
• pattern7 v msolid c MediumSeaGreen
• pattern8 v msolid c brown
• pattern9 v msolid c CX800000
• pattern10 v msolid c CX33070F

25
Member to provider distance GPLOT, GEOCODE, and
GEODIST
26
GEOCODE SAS code

• proc geocode
• plus4
• lookuplookup.zip4
• datawork.members outwork.geo_members
• run
• quit

27
GEODIST function

• data geo_members
• set geo_members
• retain prov_x prov_y
• set geo_members
• if _n_ 1 then do
• prov_x x
• prov_y y
• end
• else dist geodist( y, x, prov_y, prov_x, DM
  )
• drop prov_x prov_y
• run

28
GPLOT SAS Code

• goptions resetall gunitpct border ftext'Arial'
  ftitle'Arial'
  
• htext4 htitle7 ctextblack
  
  
• colors(cx7BA7E1 cxD80000 cx00CC66 cxFFFF00
  ltgray)
  
• symbol1 interpoljoin
  
  
• title 'Miles to Choice of Provider'
  
  
• axis1 order(0 to 15 by 1) offset(0,0)
  
  
• minornone labelnone
  
  
• axis2 order(0 to 100 by 20) offset(0,0)
  
  
• major (height1)
  
  
• label( jr 'Percent' jr 'of Members')
  
  
• proc gplot dataprovider2
  
  
• plot p5interval p4interval p3interval
  p2interval p1interval /overlay
  
• haxisaxis1 autovref autohref cvrefblack
  chrefblack lautovref34 lautohref34
  
• vaxisaxis2 vminor3 caxisblack areas5
• run quit

29
Bubble map with Google Maps links for health
center locations
Health Center Locations
30
Health center location SAS code

• proc sql
  
  
• create table circle_anno as
  
  
• select loc_ccnv.zip, zipcode.city, -1zipcode.x
  as longitude, zipcode.y as latitude
  
• from loc_ccnv left join sashelp.zipcode
  
  
• on loc_ccnv.zipzipcode.zip
  
  
• quit run
  
  
• 
  
  
• / Convert degrees to radians, /
  
  
• data circle_anno set circle_anno
  
  
• length city 30
  
  
• cityscan(zipcity(zip),1,',')
  
  
• xatan(1)/45 longitude
  
  
• yatan(1)/45 latitude
  
  
• run

31
Google Maps link
32
Google Maps link SAS code

• data circle_anno
• length function style color 8 position 1
  text 20 html 1024
• retain xsys ysys '2' hsys '3' when 'a'
• set circle_anno
• html'title'quote( trim(left(propcase(city)))
  ' ('trim(left(zip))')' )
• ' ''href'quote('http//maps.google.com/map
  s?tkhlenq'trim(left(put(zip,z5.))))
• function'pie' color'graycc' style'psolid'
  position'5' rotate360 size3
• anno_flag1
• output
• function'label' position'B' style'"Arial"'
  texttrim(left(city))
• color'black' cbox'white' size2
  anno_flag3
• output
• run

33
U.S. map with county boundaries
34
Proc RANK SAS code

• proc rank datamapbh outmapbhrank group5
• var pctbh
• ranks pctbhgrp
• run
• data mapbhrank(rename(stfipsstate
  cntyfipscounty))
• set mapbhrank pctbhgrppctbhgrp1 run
• proc sql
• create table bhdatamap as
• select from maps.uscounty m left join
  mapbhrank r
• on m.stater.state and m.countyr.county
• run quit

35
References

• Ingenix Geo Networks. http//www.ingenix.com/conte
  nt/attachments/GeoNetworks_brochure.pdf. Accessed
  February 2010.
• Massengill D, Odom E. PROC GEOCODE Creating Map
  Locations from Your Data. SAS Global Forum 2009.
  
• Osborne, Anastasiya. Let Me Look At It! Graphic
  Presentation of Any Numeric Variable. SAS Global
  Forum 2009.
• SAS Institute, Inc. 2009. http//support.sas.com/r
  nd/datavisualization. Accessed October 2009.
• SAS Institute Inc. 2008. SAS OnlineDoc 9.1.3.
  Cary, NC SAS Institute Inc.

36
Contact info

• Barbara B. Okerson, Ph.D., CPHQ, FAHM
• Senior Health Information Consultant
• National Accounts Outcomes
• Health Management Corporation (HMC)
• 8831 Park Central Drive, Suite 100
• Richmond, VA 23227
• Office 804-662-5287
• Fax [phone]
• Email bokerson_at_choosehmc.com

37
Questions?