The Civil Rights Movement

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The Civil Rights Movement

• Ch. 21 Notes

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According to the Tuskegee Institute, 4,742
lynchings occurred between 1882-1968.
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90 of the victims were Southern 73 of the
victims were black 27 of the victims were white
Six out of ten people in the South thought
lynchings were justified in cases of sexual
assault
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Goals of the Civil Rights Movement

• Desegregation (in all aspects of society)
• Voting
• Legislation

President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of
1964
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Methods

• Non-violent
• Boycotts
• Sit-ins
• Marches
• Freedom Rides
• Voter registration

• Violent
• Riots

Many of the non-violent methods came from the
teachings of Gandhi
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Civil Rights Pre-1950

• Plessey v. Ferguson, 1896
• NAACP founded, 1909
• A. Phillip Randolph, 1930s
• Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

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Civil Rights Pre-1950

• CORE (Congress on Racial Equality) founded, 1940s
• Executive Order 9981 (Truman desegregates
  military), 1940s
• Jackie Robinson plays for Brooklyn Dodgers, 1946

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The Beginning

• Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas,
  1954
• Reversal of Plessey v. Ferguson

Chief Justice Earl Warren Thurgood Marshall,
attorney
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Linda Brown family
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Problems w/ Integration

• Supreme Court gave no timeline or guidance
• VA passed laws to close schools who integrated
• School districts privatized white schools

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• Emmett Till Case, 1955
• 14 yr old boy from Chicago visits family in
  Money, MS
• sassed or flirted w/ white woman
• taken from house, beaten, shot, chained to fan
  tossed in Tallahatchie River
• Murderers brag to reporters but are still found
  not guilty by jury

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Rosa Parks arrested, 1955
• Montgomery Improvement Association
• Martin Luther King Jr.
• boycott

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Lasts 381 days
• Hurts white businesses bus system
• Supreme Court rules segregated buses
  unconstitutional

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

• Bus boycott leads to formation of SCLC (Southern
  Christian Leadership Conference)
• MLK Jr
• Nonviolent protest activities across South
• March on Washington
• Selma March

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Clinton Twelve

• Afr. Amer. students in Anderson Co. sent to
  Austin HS in Knoxville
• 1950, McSwain v. Anderson Co. Board of Educ.
• Judge ruled against McSwain
• Brown v. Board overturned McSwain verdict in 1954

Anderson County, TN
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Clinton Twelve

• 195612 students walked from Green McAdoo
  Elementary School to Clinton HS
• 1st black students to integrate in TN

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Clinton Twelve

• John Kaspar Asa Carter led segregationists in
  protests, violence, threats bombing of school
• National Guard troops sent to protect citizens
  (black white) from mobs violence

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Clinton Twelve

• Today Green McAdoo Cultural Center

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Little Rock, AR

• Little Rock Nine, 1957
• Gov. Orville Faubus
• National Guard troops to prevent integration
• Pres. Eisenhower
• 101st Airborne to protect students

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Central H.S., Little Rock, AR
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Ruby Bridges

• Bridges1st to integrate New Orleans elementary
  school
• Escorted by federal marshalls
• Inspiration for Norman Rockwell painting The
  Problem We All Live With

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Sit-ins

• Greensboro, NC Woolworths lunch counter, 1960
• 4 Students refused to leave their seats after
  being refused service
• Continued over next few days, spread to other
  cities (including Nashville)

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Greensboro, NC Woolworths lunch counter

• Ezell Blair Jr. (Jibreel Khazan), David Richmond,
  Joseph McNeil, and Franklin McCain

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Sit-ins

• Sit-in leaders formed SNCC
• (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)
• more sit-ins held across the country
• James Lawson Diane NashNashville leaders
• Forces restaurants businesses to change their
  policies

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Sit-in in Atlanta
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Nashville Sit-Ins
Diane Nash Kelly Miller Smith
Walgreens Drugstore
Matthew Walker, Peggy Alexander, Diane Nash, and
Stanley Hemphill
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Freedom Rides, 1961

• CORE sent a group of people (black white)
  across the south to enforce 1960 Supreme Court
  ruling to integrate buses
• Riders were brutally attacked

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Anniston, AL
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Freedom Rides

• Following violence, blacks can no longer buy
  tickets
• CORE disbanded rides
• SNCC continues the Freedom Rides
• Attn Gen Robert Kennedy sends Fed. Marsh. to
  protect riders
• ICC integrates buses

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Higher Education

• James Meredith enrolls at U of Miss., 1962
• Arrives w/ 500 federal marshals
• Met by 2,500 protestors

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Higher Education

• JFK sends troops
• Protest ends violently
• Meredith graduates in 1963

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Higher Education

• 1961 Court orders U of GA to admit two black
  students
• Charlayne Hunter Hamilton Holmes both graduate
  in 1963

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Higher Education

• 1963 Gov George Wallace blocked Vivian Malone
  James Hood from attending U of AL

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Albany Movement, 1961

• Sit-in movement, 500 arrested
• MLK Jr.
• Police Chief Laurie Prichett released King
  would only deal w/ local officials
• After King left negotiations ended
• 9 month movement ended a failure

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Birmingham Campaign, 1963

• Marches sit-ins
• Protest uses students (ages 8-18)
• Police Chief Bull Conner uses police fire
  fighters against protesters

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Birmingham Campaign

• Conners brutality televised nationally
• Local clergy attack King in newspaper
• King writes Letter from a Birmingham Jail
• Local officials give in to many of Kings demands

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March on Washington, 1963

• 200,000 people
• MLKs I Have a Dream Speech

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• Medgar Evers, 1963
• head of MS NAACP shot in driveway
• Evers investigated Emmitt Till Case
• All white jury refused to find Byron de la
  Beckwith guilty
• Retried convicted in 1994

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Malcolm X

• leader of Black Muslims
• Criticizes MLK his methods
• hope, defiance black pride
• Advocated violent self defense against racism
• Following pilgrimage to Mecca advocated races
  working together
• 1965, assassinated by black Muslim in NY

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Civil Rights Act

• Civil Rights Act, 1964
• Banned discrimination in employment public
  places

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Freedom Summer, 1964

• Blacks northern white college students travel
  the south registering blacks to vote teaching
  school
• SNCC, CORE, VEP volunteers
• 24th Amendment
• Kennedy promises protections if focus is voter
  reg. not protests

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Freedom Summer

• By 1964 more than ½ million registered to vote,
  mostly in MS

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Freedom Summer

• 1964, 3 students arrested later murdered in MS

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1964 Election

• Johnson (D) v. Barry Goldwater (R)
• SNCC organizes Mississippi Freedom Democratic
  Party
• Sends delegates to Dem Nat Convention
• Leads to split in Civil Rights Movement

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Selma March, 1965

• 4 day march from Selma, AL to Montgomery, AL
• 600 Afr. Amer. marched
• Police others blocked their way
• Drew national attention
• Voting Rights Act, 1965

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Changes in Civil Rights Movement

• Move to north
• Attempt to change de facto (by custom)
  segregation
• De jure segregation (by law)
• Fight discrimination in jobs, housing, business

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African Americans outside the South

• Lived in de facto segregation
• Home ownership improvements difficult
• Unemployment high
• Poverty high

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Urban Unrest

• Frustration over urban conditions leads to riots
• Detroit, MI (1967)
• Watts, CA (1965)

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Urban Unrest

• Pres. Johnson appoints Kerner Commission
• Study causes of urban rioting
• Blames poverty discrimination

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Chicago Campaign

• MLK leads 8 month campaign in Chicago
• Failure
• Northecon. Concerns Kingideals legislation

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Violent Measures

• 1966SNCC abandons nonviolence as only option
• Stokely Carmichaelleader
• Message black power self-reliance

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Black Power
Stokely Carmichael

• Black Power is a term that emphasizes racial
  pride and the desire for African Americans to
  achieve equality.
• The term promotes the creation of Black political
  and social institutions.
• The term was popularized by Stokely Carmichael
  during The Civil Rights Movement.
• Many SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating
  Committee) members were becoming critical of
  leaders that articulated non-violent responses to
  racism.

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Tommie Smith and John Carlos

• Tommie Smith and John Carlos give the Black Power
  salute at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
• The two men were suspended by the United States
  team and banned from Olympic village.
• The action is considered a milestone of The Civil
  Rights Movement.

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Violent Measures

• Black Panther Party
• U.S. African American Militant group.
• Founded in 1966 in Oakland.
• Led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.

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Black Panthers

• Believed violent revolution was the only way to
  receive freedom.
• Urged African Americans to arm themselves.

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Kings Assassination

• MLK goes to Memphis to help striking sanitation
  workers
• Led march to city hall
• James Earl Ray shot King as he stood on balcony
  at Loraine Hotel
• w/in hours riots erupted in 120 cities
• 46 dead 2,600 injured 21,000 jailed

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Poor Peoples Campaign

• Ralph Abernathyleader of SCLC
• Leads protest in DC
• Failure
• Poor weather
• Poor media coverage
• Ideals lost

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Problems/End of Movement

• Violence murder
• Arrests
• Arson vandalism
• FBI investigations
• Internal conflicts

MLK Jr is assassinated 1968
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Civil Rights Act, 1968

• Fair Housing Act
• Banned discrimination in sale/rental housing

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Busing Affirmative Action

• Busingused as a method to speed integration
• Leads to whites migration to suburbs
• Affirmative actiongave preference in hiring to
  minorities to make up for past differences

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Conclusion

• During The American Civil Rights Movement many
  different and unique leaders and groups came to
  power.
• Some preached violence, some preached peace, some
  preached protest and some preached resilience.
• However, every leader had one thing in common.
  They all wanted freedom and they all wanted
  equality for their race.
• Today we celebrate the leaders struggles because
  it was there work that got us to the point we are
  at today.
• Now, not everything is completely equal. But it
  is clear that we have come a long way since
  Martin Luther King Jr. marched in Washington and
  cried out, I Have A Dream