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Human Geography By James Rubenstein

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Title: Human Geography By James Rubenstein


1
Human Geography By James Rubenstein
  • Chapter 11
  • Key Issue 1
  • Where did industry originate?

2
Industrial Revolution
  • A series of improvements in industrial technology
    that transformed the process of manufacturing
    goods.
  • Began in the U.K. in the late 1700s.

3
The Industrial Revolution
  • The root of the Industrial Revolution was
    technology.
  • The changes required took decades.
  • Resulted in new social, economic, and political
    inventions.

4
Cottage Industry
  • Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a
    factory, commonly found before the Industrial
    Revolution.

5
Labor intensive cottage industry
6
Steam Engine
  • Invented by the Greeks in their Golden Age, it
    was relegated to the status of a toy.
  • Patented by James Watt in 1769, it proved to be
    the most important technological development for
    the growth of factories.

7
Example of the Greek Steam Engine
8
Watts Steam Engine
9
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution
  • The iron industry was first to benefit from
    Watts steam engine, and
  • The textile industry followed.

10
The Diffusion of the Iron Industry
  • Watts steam engine provided a practical way to
    maintain heat in the smeltering process.
  • Henry Cort patented two processes that improved
    the purification of iron.

11
Coal
  • When wood as a fuel source became scarce, coke
    (purified carbon made from coal) produced high
    quality iron.
  • The iron industry clustered around productive
    coalfields.

12
Engineering
  • Modern engineering began when James Watt and
    Matthew Boulton established the Soho Foundry at
    Birmingham, England in 1795.
  • They produced hundreds of inventions that aided
    the industrial processes.

13
Transportation
  • Canals and Railways played a critical role in
    diffusing the Industrial Revolution
  • Enabled factories to attract workers,
  • Moved bulky raw materials,
  • Shipped finished goods to consumers.

14
Canals
  • Francis Egerton built a canal between Worsley and
    Manchester in 1761, which launched a generation
    of canal building in England.
  • They enabled industrial goods and workers to be
    moved long distances quickly.

15
The Railway
  • Superseded the canal systems.
  • The locomotive using Watts steam engine on iron
    tracks was effectively demonstrated in 1812.

16
The hearth of the Industrial Revolution.Originate
d in Northern England and Southern Scotland in
the late 18th century near productive coalfields.
17
Textiles
  • Fabrics made by weaving wool or cotton,
  • used in making clothing.

18
The Diffusion of the Textile Industry
  • Changes in technology, such as Richard
    Arkwrights improved the process of turning short
    cotton fibers into continuous yarn in 1768, moved
    the manufacture of textiles from cottage
    industries to factories.

19
Textile Industry
20
Textile Industry
21
Chemicals
  • In 1798, a chlorine gas based product greatly
    sped up the process of bleaching cotton.
  • Sulfuric acid based product aided in the dying of
    cloth.
  • Today, many synthetic fibers such as nylon,
    Dacron, and Orlon are used in the textile
    industry.

22
Food Processing
  • Factory workers were unable to grow their own
    food.
  • Peter Durand developed a practical way to
    preserve food in tin cans in 1839.
  • Calcium chloride added to water aided in the
    killing of bacteria.

23
Diffusion from the U.K.
  • The 1851 Worlds Fair in the U.K., housed in a
    glass and iron building known as the Crystal
    Palace, symbolized the Industrial Revolution
  • At that time, the U.K. was the greatest
    industrial power of the world.

24
Crystal Palace
25
Diffusion to Europe
  • The political instability (wars) on the continent
    delayed the diffusion of the industrial
    revolution to Western Europe.
  • The diffusion of railways in Europe was delayed
    50 years.

26
The diffusion of the railway reflects the
diffusion of the Industrial Revolution.
27
Diffusion to the U.S.
  • The first U.S. textile mill was built in Rhode
    Island by Samuel Slater in 1791.
  • By 1860, the U.S. industrial might was second
    only to the U.K.
  • Industrial diffusion to the rest of the world
    occurred in the 20th century.
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