Launching the New Ship of State

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Launching the New Ship of State

• American History
• Chapter 10

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Overview

• Americans had overthrown King George III and the
  Articles of Confederation
• Basic distrust of central authority--but saw it
  as a necessary evil
• In debt and revenues limited
• Skeptical world doubted the upstart United States

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Growing Pains

• Constitution launched in 1789 amid growth
• Population doubling each 25 years
• Population about 90 rural
• All but 5 lived east of Appalachian Mountains
• Foreign visitors looked down their noses at the
  roughness of pioneering life
• Further west were Spanish and British agents
  moved freely among the settlers

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Growing Pains

• America had done something no other nation in
  history had ever donefree its people from
  tyranny, told its people they were all equal, and
  gave the people the power to govern themselves
• The Virginia constitution was the first
  constitution adopted by the peoples
  representatives in the history of the world
• The rest of the world looked with awe upon
  America

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Washington for President

• George Washington unanimously drafted as first
  president by Electoral College
• Only nominee in history
• Strong, imposing figure
• Didnt seek the officepreferred Mount Vernon
• Balanced, not brilliant
• Strength of character, but not politically artful

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Washington for President

• Temporary capital was New York City
• Took oath of office April 30, 1789
• Washingtons first cabinet
• Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson
• Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton
• Secretary of War Henry Knox

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The Bill of Rights

• Unfinished of Bill of Rights
• Promised when states were ratifying constitution
• Particular concern of anti-federalists
• Would be amendments to constitution
• Adopted in 1791

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The Bill of Rights

• First 10 amendments are the Bill of Rights
• Freedom of religion, speech, and the press and to
  assemble
• Right to bear arms
• Restricts housing of federal troops in home
• Protects against unreasonable searches and
  seizures
• No imprisonment without due process cannot be
  forced to testify against self
• Right to public and speedy trial by jury
• Trial by jury in civil cases
• Freedom from cruel and unusual punishments,
  excessive bail

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The Bill of Rights

• Madison inserted two morethe 9th and 10th
• 9th Certain rights shall not be construed to
  deny or disparage others retained by the
  people-we have more rights than those mentioned
• 10th All rights not explicitly delegated or
  prohibited by the federal Constitution to the
  States respectively, or to the people
• Brought the constitution back to more
  anti-federalist stance

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Judiciary Act of 1789

• Created the courts
• Organized the Supreme Court
• Federal district and circuit courts
• Estd Office of Attorney General
• John Jay-1st Chief Justice

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• Alexander Hamilton
• 1st Sec. of the Treasury
• Big central government
• Native of West Indies-doubts about his loyalty
• Financial wizard
• Archrival of Thomas Jefferson
• Pay the entire national debt at parface value
  of debt
• 54 million
• Assume debts of states-tie them to fed. govt.
• Jefferson finally agreed-capitol moved to the
  Potomac.

Alexander Hamilton
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Customs Duties and Excise Taxes

• Behind Hamiltons plan, the United States owed
  75 million
• Father of the National Debt
• Debt- National Blessing
• Tariffs to help pay the debt
• Protection wall around American goods
• Started tax on domestic items, e.g. whiskey

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Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank

• Hamilton wanted national bank to conduct business
  and have a location to keep its assets and print
  money
• Jefferson disagreed
• states responsibility
• The constitution didnt authorize banks

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Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank

• Washington asked Jefferson for a written
  opinionJefferson responded
• No constitutional authority
• All powers not granted to the federal government
  were reserved for the states
• The states, not congress, could charter banks

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Interpretation Differences

• Jefferson
• Strict/Literal Interp.
• Based on concern for states rights
• Theory of strict construction

• Hamilton
• Loose-What the constitution did not forbid, it
  permitted
• Hamilton invoked Art I, Sec VIII, para
  18Congress may pass laws necessary and proper
• Basic functions of gov. require a bank

North for the bank, South against
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Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania

• The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794
• Rebellion in PA against Hamiltons whiskey tax
• Tax collectors tarred and feathered
• Washington sent troops
• Whiskey Boys dispersed
• Showed strength of new gov.
• Some criticized for sending a sledgehammer to
  crush a gnat

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The Emergence of political Parties

• Hamilton had established good credit rating in
  America
• Netherlands loaned America at low rates
• The tax, the bank, the Whiskey Rebellion
  suppression, etc. created some states rights
  enemies
• The central government was mistreating states

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The Emergence of Political Parties

• The Hamilton-Jefferson feud became bitter
  political rivalry
• Founders had not envisioned political parties
• opposition voices seemed disloyal

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The Emergence of political Parties

• Jefferson/Madison face Hamilton
• Voices grew louder
• Political messages were publicized
• Jefferson and Madison formed the
  Democratic-Republican party in 1792
• Hamilton led the Federalists
• The two-party system has worked ever since
• The party out of power is the loyal opposition
• Ensures politics never drifts too far one way

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Foreign Policy Under Washington

• French Revolution
• Initial approval soured when Reign of Terror
  began
• Jeffersonians watched the bloody French
  Revolution with interest
• Jefferson cant expect to be carried from
  despotism to liberty in a feather bed
• Hamiltons Federalists feared it
• GB France fighting again-1793-1815
• Edmond Genet-minister from French govt-pursued
  American support
• Washington issues Neutrality Proclamation of
  1793
• Started tradition of isolationism

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Embroilments with Britain

• Britain had kept outposts in Great Lakes Region
• Supplied Miami Confederation, 8 tribes
• Little Turtle, Miami chief
• Killed hundreds of American forces, 1790-1791
• General Mad Anthony Waynes forces defeat them
  in 1794-Battle of Fallen Timbers
• Treaty of Greenville Indian lands were sold
  north of the Ohio River

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Embroilments with Britain

• Britains navy attacked hundreds of US merchant
  ships and began impressment of our sailors
• Still, Hamilton wanted trade with Britain and
  thus America didnt respond by getting into the
  war
• Hamiltons financial system depended on trade
  with the British

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• Washington ?John Jay to Britain
• to try to avoid war
• Jays Treaty
• Weak and angered many JDRs
• British promised to evacuate outposts (again)
• Refused to abandon impressment

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Pinckneys Treaty

• Spain feared Anglo-American alliance
• Pinckneys Treaty of 1795
• Free navigation of the Mississippi
• Land in north Florida

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Washingtons Farewell

• Washington had served two terms
• Decided to retire
• Started a trend
• In farewell address, advised against permanent
  alliances
• Favored temporary alliances for specific purposes

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Washingtons Farewell

• Washingtons contributions
• enormous
• Good economic foundation (Hamilton)
• Expanding nation
• International trade
• Kept out of foreign wars
• Some still criticized for Jays Treaty and not
  helping France

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John Adams Becomes President

• The presidential campaign of 1796 featured
  Jefferson and Adams
• Jefferson Democratic-Republican
• Adams Federalist
• Followers of each refused to drink in the same
  tavern
• Adams wins-71 to 68
• Jefferson VP!
• Adams was intellectual, tough, had prickly manner
  

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John Adams Become President
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Unofficial fighting with France

• Adams had problems
• Hamilton as an enemy
• Francewho had a grudge against the America for
  not helping when needed
• France angry about Jays Treaty
• Refused to received the American minister
• Seized American ships
• XYZ Affair
• Adams sent diplomats to avoid war
• 3 French officials (X, Y, Z) demanded money to
  see the ministerJohn Marshall, future CJ,
  refused.
• War preparations against France began
• Dept. of the Navy created
• Marine Corps reestablished
• Unofficial war confined to the sea
• Convention of 1800-settled matter-ended 1778
  Alliance negotiated with Napoleon

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Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party

• France, wanting to avoid war with America (it was
  fighting others on the continent) suddenly
  permitted the American minister to be received
• Adams won much acclaimremained cool
• Had avoided war while nation was weak
• Could have won popularity through war by seizing
  Florida and Louisiana outright

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Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party

• France received American envoys and signed a new
  treaty with America
• The Convention of 1800
• Deleted the old treatyalliance
• America agreed to pay damage claims on shippers
• Last of foreign entanglements for a long time

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Adams puts patriotism Above Party

• Adams given much credit
• His party wanted war with France, but he kept
  peace
• Led to Napoleon selling Louisiana Purchase to
  America while Jefferson was president (1803)
• Suggested his own epitaph (Not used)
• Here lies John Adams, who took upon himself the
  responsibility of peace with France in the year
  1800.

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The Federalist Witch Hunt

• Federalists wrote laws to muffle Jeffersonians
• Alien Acts
• New aliens from Europe were poor
• Scorned by Federalists
• Welcomed by Jeffersonians
• Increased to a 14 year wait to become citizens
• Pay bond to come in
• Deportation of dangerous aliens

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The Federalist Witch Hunt

• Sedition Act
• Illegal to criticize the government to keep
  patriotism strong (through speech or print)
• Obvious violation of 1st Amendment
• Many Jeffersonians put in jail
• Federalists felt the law was justified due to the
  verbal violence of the day
• (pg 205,206)

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The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson)
Resolutions

• Jefferson furious about Sedition and Alien Acts
• Secretly wrote resolutions approved by Kentucky
• Madison did the same in Virginia

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The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson)
Resolutions

• The logic-Compact Theory
• The 13 sovereign states created the federal
  government
• The states were the final judges of whether the
  federal government had broken its contract

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The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson)
Resolutions

• The Kentucky Resolution
• Said federal government had exceeded its powers
• Nullificationa refusal to accept themwas
  rightful remedy
• No other states would follow
• Many debated Jefferson saying the people not the
  states had created the federal government

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The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson)
Resolutions

• The determination made that Supreme Court must
  nullify legislation passed by the federal
  government
• Nullification resolutions later used by south to
  secede from Union

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Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans

• The Federalists believed the few should run the
  country
• Hamilton said only the best people should be in
  control
• Intellectual arrogance
• Feared the swayability of the untutored common
  folk

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Federalists Versus Democratic-Republican

• Jeffersons Democratic-Republicans, often
  referred to as Republicans
• Jefferson and Hamilton had different theories of
  society, politics, and diplomacy

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Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans

• Thomas Jefferson
• Appealed to the middle class and under privileged
• A contradiction
• An aristocrat with sympathy for the downtrodden
• I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal
  hostility against every form of tyranny over the
  mind of man
• Best government was the one that governed least
• National debt, bequeathed to later generations,
  should be paid off
• Those who labor in the earth are the chosen
  people of God

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Federalists Versus Democratic-Republicans

• Jefferson, contd
• profound respect for the ability of the masses,
  when taught
• Feared landless dependents would be political
  pawns
• Reconciled slavery by offering that cheap labor
  would free poor farmer to learn and vote

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