Chapter 2: Carbon Compounds

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Chapter 2 Carbon Compounds

• Hydrocarbons
• Consist of only Carbon and Hydrogen Atoms
• AlkanesContain the Maximum of H Atoms
• AlkenesHydrocarbons w/ Double Bond(s)

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Hydrocarbons Continued

• AlkynesHydrocarbons w/ Triple Bond(s)

• Alkanes Referred to as Saturated Compounds
• (Contain Maximum of Hydrogen Atoms)
• Alkenes/Alkynes Unsaturated Compounds
• Can React w/ H2 (Hydrogenation Reactions)

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Aromatic Compounds Benzene

• Benzene/Aromatics are Special Class
• Understood in Terms of Kekulé Structures or MOs

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Polar Covalent Bonds

• Electronegativity Difference Pulls Electron
• Density Toward More Electronegative Atom
• This Creates What is Called a Dipole
• Unit of Dipole Moment Measure Debye

HCl HBr C-O
For Bonds, Dipole Moment is Indicated w/ Arrow
From Least to Most Electronegative What About
Molecular Dipoles?
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Polar and Nonpolar Molecules
Polar Nonpolar
NH3 CO2
H2O BH3
CH3Cl CH4
CH2Cl2 CCl4
CH3CH2OH Benzene
H3C-O-CH3 Diatomics (Cl2, Br2, etc.)

• Look at Individual Dipole Moments Check for Net

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Polar and Nonpolar Molecules (2)
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Functional Groups
1. Alkyl Groups (R)
Parent HC Alkyl Group Abbreviation
Methane methyl Me
Ethane ethyl Et
Propane propyl Pr
isopropyl iPr
Alkanes can be Generally Represented as R-H
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Functional Groups
2. Alkyl Halides

• Look at Carbon w/ Halide attached
• 1 C AttachedPrimary 2 C AttachedSecondary
• 3 C Attached--Tertiary

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Functional Groups
3. Alcohols

• Look at Carbon w/ Alcohol attached
• 1 C AttachedPrimary 2 C AttachedSecondary
• 3 C AttachedTertiary
• Replace O with S now have a Thiol

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Functional Groups
4. Ethers

• Name sides of ether in alphabetical order

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Functional Groups
5. Amines

• Note amines are utile as bases in organic
  reactions

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Functional Groups
6. Hydrazines

• Note hydrazines react with aldehydes/ketones

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Functional Groups
7. Carbonyls Aldehydes and Ketones

• Note CO common link between aldehydes/ketones

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Functional Groups
8. Carboxylic Acids

• Question What helps makes this functionality
  acidic?

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Functional Groups
9. Esters

• Note CYCLIC esters are a special case called
  LACTONES

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Functional Groups
10. Amides

• Note CYCLIC amides are a special case called
  LACTAMS
• Amides have restricted rotation about the C-N
  bond. Why?

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Functional Groups
11. Nitriles (Cyano)

• See Table 2.3 for a Good Summary of Functional
  Groups

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Multiple Functional Groups 1 Molecule
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Intermolecular Forces

• Van der Waals Interactions
• Dipole-Dipole Interactions
• Consider how molecules with permanent dipoles
  align
• Hydrogen Bonding
• Very strong electron delocalizations
• Ionic
• Very strong electrostatic interactions

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Hydrogen Bonding

• H-Bonds nearly linear (O-H-O)
• Electrons from an O lone pair ? s(OH)