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IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES

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Title: IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES


1
IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
2
  • Food is the fundamental requirement of all living
    organisms because they need energy to run all the
    life processes. Food consists of various
    components like Carbohydrate, Fat, Mineral,
    vitamins and Proteins. Each of the components has
    a specific role to play in our body and therefore
    a balanced diet is important for all of us.

3
Sustainable Development
  • The intensive farm practices in the past have led
    to overexploitation of our land resources.
    Furthermore excessive use of chemical
    fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides has
    degraded the quality of our environment. The need
    of the hour is to increase the food production
    without further damage to the environment. In
    other words there is an urgent need for
    sustainable development i.e. a type of
    development that fulfils the needs of the present
    generation without compromising on the needs of
    the future generations.

4
IMPROVEMENT IN CROP YIELDS
  • Food crops
  • Cereals
  • pulses
  • oil seeds
  • Green vegetables, fruits and spices provide
    vitamins and minerals needed for proper
    functioning of human body.
  • Fodder crops Some plants grown to feed the
    livestock. Examples
  • Berseem, oats, and Sudan grass

5
Requirements of crop growth
6
Climatic conditions
7
Photoperiod
  • Crops also require light for different durations
    a phenomenon called Photoperiod for proper growth
    and flowering.

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Hybridization
  • Traditional method of crop improvement.
  • This involves crossing two different plants which
    are genetically different.

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Some important terms related to hybridization
  • Variety Group of plants characterized by
    specific desirable features.
  • Species Category of closely related organisms
    that can breed among themselves to give rise to
    fertile off springs.
  • Genus Group of closely related species.

13
GM or Genetically Modified crops
  • This is based on a newer method called genetic
    engineering.
  • It involves cutting and transfer of specific
    genes to crop plants for their improvement.
  • The method leads to rapid and desirable results
    but there are many ethical and safety concerns
    related to such food crops.

14
Objectives achieved through crop improvement
programs
  • Higher yield per unit of land.
  • Improved product quality.
  • Resistance against Biotic stresses (disease
    causing organisms such as bacteria, fungi insects
    and nematodes) and Abiotic stresses (adverse
    climate and soil conditions)

15
  • Reducing the crop maturity time.
  • Tolerance to a wider range of climatic
    conditions.
  • Better agronomic features- For example profuse
    branching is desirable in fodder crops dwarf
    ness is desirable in cereal crops etc.

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NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
  • Plants need nutrients which they collect from
    various sources.

Source Nutrient
Air Carbon, oxygen
Water Hydrogen, oxygen
Soil Macro micro nutrients.
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Macronutrients Micronutrients
Nitrogen Iron
Phosphorus Manganese
Potassium Boron
Calcium Zinc
Magnesium Copper
Sulpher Molybdenum
Chlorine.
20
Methods to replenish nutrients in soil
  • MANURE These are products of degradation of
    biological materials like animal excreta and
    plant waste .They contain large quantities of
    organic matter and nutrients.
  • Importance of using manure
  • They help in enriching soil fertility.
  • Helps improving the soil texture by increasing
    water holding capacity in sandy soils and
    improving drainage ( by avoiding water logging)
    in clayey soil.

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  • FERTILIZERS
  • These are commercially produced sources of
    nutrients which supply Nitrogen, Phosphorous and
    Potassium (NPK) .
  • Fertilizers are an important factor in higher
    yields in high cost farming.
  • Since they are chemical in nature and are loaded
    with nutrients these must be used carefully in
    terms of quantity, dosage and time of
    application.
  • Excessive use of fertilizers has led to
    contamination of water bodies.
  • Continuous use of fertilizers also destroys soil
    fertility

23
ORGANIC FARMING
  • It is a system of farming with minimal or no use
    of chemicals as fertilizers, herbicides,
    pesticides etc. and with maximum input of organic
    manure recycled farm waste use of bioagents such
    as Blue green algae as Biofertilizer, neem leaves
    to kill pests and healthy cropping systems. These
    are beneficial in insect, pest and weed control
    apart from increasing productivity in an
    environment friendly manner.

24
IRRIGATION
  • Wells
  • Canals
  • River lift system
  • Tanks
  • rainwater harvesting
  • Watershed management

25
CROPPING PATTERNS
  • Mixed cropping is growing two or more crops
    together on the same piece of land.
  • Intercropping is growing two or more crops
    simultaneously on the same field in a definite
    pattern.
  • Crop rotation is growing of different crops on a
    piece of land one after another in a preplanned
    manner.

26
CROP PROTECTION MANAGEMENT
  • Weeds are unwanted plants in a crop field which
    reduce yields by competing with the crops for
    resources like water nutrients and sunlight.
  • insect pests damage the crops in three ways
  • cut root, stem and leaves
  • suck sap from plants
  • eat the developing fruits

27
  • Bacteria, fungi and viruses cause various plant
    diseases affecting their productivity adversely

28
Preventive methods
  • use of various chemicals as insecticides,
    fungicides and weedicides.
  • use of resistant varieties
  • summer ploughing which involves ploughing of
    fields deep in summers to destroy weeds and
    pests.

29
STORAGE OF GRAINS
  • Factors causing lass of grains
  • Biotic (insects, rodents, fungi mites and
    bacteria)
  • Abiotic (inappropriate moisture and temperature
    in the place of storage)

30
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
31
  • It is the procedure of scientifically managing
    the animal livestock. This involves feeding,
    breeding and disease control. Animal based
    farming includes rearing of cattle, goat, sheep,
    poultry and fish farming. With ever-increasing
    population and improvement in living standards,
    the demand for milk, eggs and meat is also
    increasing. Therefore good management of
    livestock has become the need of the hour.

32
CATTLE FARMING
  • main objectives of cattle husbandry
  • increasing milk production
  • raising animals with better draught ability which
    are used in agriculture fields for tilling,
    irrigation and carting.

33
  • Two main species of cattle in India
  • Bos indicus (cows)
  • Bos bubalis (buffalos).
  • Milk producing cows are called Milch or Dairy
    animals while animals raised for farm labor are
    called draught animals.

34
  • Lactation period of the animal the period of
    milk production after the birth of a calf.
  • Methods of increasing the milk production is to
    increase the lactation period.
  • Foreign breeds (Jersey, Brown Swiss) show long
    lactation periods while the local breeds (Red
    Sindhi, Sahiwal) show excellent disease
    resistance. These two are crossed to get animals
    with both the desired qualities.

35
Food requirements of dairy animals
  • Maintenance requirement is the food required to
    support the animal to live a healthy life.
  • Milk producing requirementis the food needed
    during lactation period.

36
  • Animal food includes
  • roughage (which is largely fiber)
  • concentrates (low in fiber and rich in proteins
    and other nutrients) .

37
Disease affecting cattle
  • A number of both internal (worms affecting
    stomach and intestine, fluke affecting liver) and
    external parasites (mainly affecting
    skin and causing skin diseases) damage cattle
    health.
  • They may also get infected with pathogenic
    bacteria and viruses which quickly spread to all
    the animals in a farm.
  • To prevent this vaccination is given to farm
    animals against major viral and bacterial
    diseases.

38
POLUTRY FARMING
  • This is undertaken with the objective of raising
    domestic fowl for egg production and chicken
    meat.
  • Two main varieties are raised in farms
  • layers for eggs
  • broilers for meat

39
Cross breeding programs
  • The cross breeding programs between Indian
    (example-Aseel) and foreign(example leghorn)
    have focused on getting new varieties with the
    following features
  • Number and quality of chicks
  • Dwarf broiler for commercial chick production
  • Summer adaptation---adaptation to high
    temperatures
  • Low maintenance requirements
  • Reduction in the size of the egg laying bird with
    ability to utilize more fibrous cheaper diets
    made from agricultural by-products.

40
FISH PRODUCTION
  • Fish production includes the finned true fish as
    well as shell fish like prawns and molluscs.
  • Fish is either obtained by natural resources
    (called capture fishing) or from fish
    farming(called culture fishing).
  • Fish can be freshwater (living in rivers and
    ponds) or marine (living in sea). Fishing thus
    can be done both by capture and culture of fish
    in marine and freshwater ecosystems.

41
MARINE FISHERIES
  • Pomphret, Mackerel, Tuna, Sardines and Bombay
    duck are some of the common marine fish.
  • Some such examples are Mullets, Bhetki and pearl
    spots and shellfish such as prawns, mussels,
    oysters and seaweeds.
  • Oysters are also farmed for the pearls they make.
  • As the fish resources are getting constantly
    depleted the increasing fish demand can only be
    met by such culture fisheries earlier called
    mariculture.

42
INLAND FISHERIES
  • This refers to fish farming in fresh and brackish
    water reservoirs (where seawater freshwater mix
    together, such as estuaries and lagoons).

43
Fish culture
  • Many a times fish culture is combined with rice
    farming and fish are grown in the water of paddy
    fields.
  • More intensive fish farming is done in composite
    fish culture systems

44
Composite fish culture systems
  • A combination of 4-5 fish is used in a single
    fishpond such that they do not have the same
    feeding habits and hence do not compete with each
    other . This way all the food in the fishpond is
    also utilized.
  • Catlas are surface feeders, Rohus feed in the
    middle layers of the pond and grass carps are
    bottom feeders.

45
BEE KEEPING
  • Honey is widely used for its nutritional and
    medicinal properties and that is why bee keeping
    or Apiculture has become an agricultural
    enterprise.
  • In Addition to honey the beehives are a source of
    bee wax which also is used in a number of
    medicinal preparations.
  • Commercial bee farms are called Apiaries.

46
Commonly grown varieties
  • Some of the commonly grown varieties are
  • Apis indica (Indian bee)
  • Apis cerana (rock bee)
  • Apis florae (the little bee.)

47
Italian variety
  • An Italian variety Apis mellifera has been
    introduced to increase honey production on a
    commercial scale.
  • These have
  • higher honey production capacity,
  • sting less, stay in beehives for long
  • breed very well.
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