Applied Microbiology

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Applied Microbiology

• 1st part Introduction into Microbiology
• Book Foundations in Microbiology,
  Basic Principles,
• 6th edition, by Talaro,
  McGraw-Hill
• 2nd part Microbial Nanobiotechnology
• Book Microbial Bionanotechnology,
  by Rehm, horizon biosience

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Applied Microbiology

• 1st part Introduction into Microbiology
• Book Foundations in Microbiology,
  Basic Principles,
• 6th edition, by Talaro,
  McGraw-Hill

1st lecture Chapter 1 2 (Main Themes of
Microbiology Chemistry of Biology) 2nd
lecture Chapter 3 11 (Methods studying
microorganisms Agents for microbial
control) 3rd Lecture Chapter 4 (Prokaryotic
cells) 4th Lecture Chapter 5 (Eukaryotic
cells) 5th Lecture Chapter 6 (Viruses) 6th
Lecture Chapter 7 (Microbial growth) 7th
Lecture Chapter 8 (microbial metabolism) 8th
Lecture Chapter 13 (microbe-human
interaction) 9th Lecture Chapter 12 (Drug,
Microbe, Host - Elements of Chemotherapy
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Applied Microbiology
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Applied Microbiology

• The study of organisms too small to be seen
  without magnification
• Microorganisms include
• bacteria
• viruses
• fungi
• protozoa
• helminths (worms)
• algae

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Applied Microbiology
-gt All living organisms are made out of cells -gt
Cells are the smallest living unit
Human egg cell sperm
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Applied Microbiology
Single cell organisms Multi cell organisms -gt
Single cell organisms -gt Microorganisms
Yeast - Fungi
Bacteria
Archea
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Applied Microbiology
Single cell organisms Multi cell organisms -gt
multi cell organisms -gt higher degree or
organization of cells within the organism -gt
specialization of cells
Human red blood cells
Plant cells
Human skin cells
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Applied Microbiology
Size of the cells
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Applied Microbiology
Microbes are Involved in

• -gt Nutrient production and energy flow
• -gt Decomposition
• -gt Biotechnology
• production of foods, drugs and vaccines
• -gt Genetic engineering
• -gt Bioremediation
• -gt Infectious disease

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Applied Microbiology
Microbes are Involved in

• -gt Nutrient production and energy flow
• -gt Decomposition
• -gt Biotechnology
• production of foods, drugs and vaccines
• -gt Genetic engineering
• -gt Bioremediation
• -gt Infectious disease

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Applied Microbiology
Microorganisms are important for Food production
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Applied Microbiology
Microbes at Work
clean up of Oil spills.
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Applied Microbiology
Infectious Diseases
Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause
diseases. 10 B new infections/year worldwide 13
M deaths from infections/year worldwide
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Applied Microbiology
Infectious diseases
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Applied Microbiology
Infectious diseases
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Applied Microbiology
Infectious diseases
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
Applied Microbiology

• Dutch linen merchant
• First to observe living microbes
• Single-lens magnified up to 300X

Insert figure 1.8
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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

• Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage
• Disproved spontaneous generation of
  microorganisms
• Developed pasteurization
• Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of
  Disease
• Developed a rabies vaccine

Insert figure 1.11
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Robert Koch (1843-1910)

• Established Kochs postulates - a sequence of
  experimental steps that verified the germ theory
• Identified cause of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis),
  Tuberculosis (Mycobacteria tuberculosis), and
  cholera (Vibrio cholerae)
• Developed pure culture methods

Insert figure 1.12
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Applied Microbiology
Evolutionary time line
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Taxonomy Organizing, Classifying and Naming
Living Things

• Formal system originated by Carl von Linné
• (1701-1778)
• Concerned with
• classification orderly arrangement of organisms
  into groups
• nomenclature assigning names
• identification discovering and recording traits
  of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes

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Applied Microbiology
Classification of Cells 5 Kingdoms
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Applied Microbiology
Two cell types - The Three Domain System
Prokaryotes
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Levels of Classification

• Domain - Archaea, Bacteria Eukarya
• Kingdom - 5
• Phylum or Division
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• species

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Naming Micoorganisms

• Binomial (scientific) nomenclature
• Gives each microbe 2 names
• Genus - noun, always capitalized
• species - adjective, lowercase
• Both italicized or underlined
• Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
• Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)
• Escherichia coli (E. coli)

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Characteristics of Microbes
Applied Microbiology

• Procaryotes and eukaryotes
• procaryote microscopic, unicellular organisms,
  lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles
• eucaryote unicellular (microscopic) and
  multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound
  organelles
• Viruses
• acellular, parasitic particles composed of a
  nucleic acid and protein

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Applied Microbiology
Two cell types
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Applied Microbiology
Viruses -gt are NO living organisms -gt parasites
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Applied Microbiology
Chapter 2 Chemistry of Biology

• Carbon is the fundamental element of life
• -gt contains 4 atoms in its outer orbital
• -gt can form single, double, or triple covalent
  bonds
• -gt can form linear, branched, or ringed molecules

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4 Families of Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates

• Sugars and polysaccharides
• general formula (CH2O)n
• Monomer monosaccharide (glucose, fructose)
• Polymer polysaccharide (starch, cellulose,
  glycogen)
• Subunits linked by glycosidic bonds
• Functions structural support, nutrient and
  energy stores

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Fig. 2.15
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Lipids

• Long or complex, hydrophobic, C - H chains
• Triglycerides, phospholipids in membranes,
  steroids like cholesterol
• Functions
• triglycerides energy storage
• phospholipid major cell membrane component
• steroids cell membrane component

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Insert figure 2.19 phospholipids
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Insert figure 2.18 triglycerides
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Biological Membrane
Insert figure 2.20 Cell membrane
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Proteins

• Predominant molecules in cells
• Monomer amino acids 20
• Polymer peptide, polypeptide, protein
• Subunits linked by peptide bonds
• Fold into very specific 3-D shapes
• Functions - support, enzymes, transport, defense,
  movement

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Fig. 2.21
The Peptide Bond
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Protein structure
Insert figure 2.22 Protein structure
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Nucleic Acids

• DNA and RNA
• Monomer nucleotide
• DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
• A,T,C,G nitrogen bases
• double helix
• function - hereditary material
• RNA ribonucleic acid
• A,U,C,G nitrogen bases
• function - organize protein synthesis

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Insert figure 2.23 Nucleic acid structure
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