Airport Design

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Airport Design
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Six Stages of Airport Design
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Airport Designs
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Airport Planning

• Planning horizon
• Airport system planning
• The airport master plan
• The airport layout plan
• Forecasting aviation demand
• Operational activity planning
• Financial plans
• Land use planning
• Environmental planning

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The Airport System
The airport has three distinct functions

1. Change of Mode Physical Linkage between the air
   vehicle and the ground vehicle
2. Processing Facilities for ticketing,
   documenting and control of passengers and freight
3. Change of Movement Type Conversion of cargo to
   further distributable packages to continue its
   journey

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The Airport System in USA
This continued until the Airport and Airway
Development Act of 1970
The AADA 1970 created the National Airport System
Plan
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The Airport System
National Airport System Plan became The
National Plan of Integrated Airport
Systems with The Airport and Airway Improvement
Act of 1982
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The Airport System
The NPIAS is a 10-year plan that is revised every
two years
It does not establish time tables or priorities
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The Airport System
The NPIAS does establish attributes of the
National Airport System in order to meet demand
for air transportation
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The Airport System
Those attributes are

• Airports should be safe and efficient, be located
  at optimum sites, and be developed and maintained
  to appropriate standards
• The system should be extensive, providing as many
  people as possible with convenient access to air
  transportation

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The Airport System

• Airports should be affordable to both users and
  government, relying primarily on user fees and
  placing minimal burden on the general revenues of
  local, state, and Federal Government
• Airports should be flexible and expandable, able
  to accommodate increased demand and new aircraft
  types
• Airports should be permanent, with assurance that
  they will remain open for aeronautical use over
  the long term

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The Airport System

• Airports should be compatible with surrounding
  communities, maintaining balance between the
  needs of aviation and the requirements of
  residents of neighboring areas
• The airport system should help air transportation
  contribute to a productive and competitive
  national economy

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The Airport System
Characteristics of Airport System Planning
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The Airport System
Airport System Planning is done at the
National State Regional and Local levels
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The Airport System
Federal Aviation Administration State Planning Agency Metropolitan or Regional Agency
Offer technical advice, financial support, and legislative expertise Depends on states legal description of Scope of Work Normally done by MPO, COG, or RPC
Depends on level of involvement Is the basis for entire planning process up to NPIAS
All typically provide leadership throughout planning process
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The Airport System
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The Airport System
Inclusion into the NPIAS requires

1. The airport has at least 10 based aircraft
2. The airport is at least 30 minutes from the
   nearest NPIAS airport
3. The airport has an eligible sponsor

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The Airport System
Once included in the NPIAS an Airport Sponsor
can apply for Federal Funding For Airport
Improvements
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The Airport System
Federal Funding Break Down
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The Airport System
The NPIAS relates airport improvements to 3
levels of need
Level I Maintain the airport in current
condition Level II Raise airport system to
current design standards Level III Expand the
airport
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The Airport System
NPIAS Airports
Other Airports
Commercial Service Airports
GA Airports
Primary Airports
Other Commercial Service Airports
Reliever Airports
Large Hubs
Medium Hubs
Subject to change
Small Hubs
Non hubs
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AIRPORT SYSTEM PLANNING PROCESS
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Purpose

• Establish viable, balanced, and integrated
  airport system
• Study system performance
• Airports, heliports, spaceports, and seaplane
  bases
• Contribute to national transportation system, and
  serve
• state/local needs
• Understand interrelationship of airports
• Prepare plan to cost-effectively develop
  public-use airports and facilities to meet demand

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Purpose

• Incorporate aviation into regional/state
  comprehensive transportation plan
• Provide guidance on maximizing benefits
• of airport investments
• Rationalize Federal priorities with state
• and local objectives
• Provide input into NPIAS and airport master plans
• Inform aviation community, local government, and
  general public about pertinent aviation issues

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Planning Stages
Exploration of Aviation Issues in Study Area
Inventory of Current System
Identification of Air Transportation Needs
Inventory of Current System
Exploration of Aviation Issues in Study Area
Identification of Air Transportation Needs
Forecast of System Demand
Forecast of System Demand
Definition of Airport Roles and Policy Strategies
Consideration of Alternative Airport Systems
Consideration of Alternative Airport Systems
Definition of Airport Roles and Policy Strategies
Recommendation of System Changes, Funding
Strategies and Airport Development
Recommendation of System Changes and Airport
Development
Preparation of an Implementation Plan
Preparation of an Implementation Plan
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Plan characteristics

• Goals
• Vary by state, metropolitan area, or region
• Defined by agencys legislative responsibilities
• and authority
• Depend on resources committed to aeronautical
  activities
• Consistent with economic development,
  transportation, land use, and environmental goals
• Useable, thoughtful, and practical plan
• End result is identification, preservation, and
  enhancement of airport system

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Distinguishing characteristics

• Geographic scope - state vs. regional vs.
  multi-state
• Implementation authority
• State implements with legislation and funding
• MPO influences through leadership, persuasion,
  and non-aviation incentives
• Airports directly implements recommendations
• Perspective
• State focuses on aviation, overall industry and
  user needs
• MPO oriented to local aviation-related community
  development issues
• Airports concentrate on local user needs and
  surrounding community concerns

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AGENCY ROLES - FAA

• Advocate/monitor Federal policies, legislative
• requirements, national aviation system needs
• Develop national planning standards
• Provide technical advice
• Approve scope of work, forecasts, and ALP
• Coordinate within FAA and other Federal agencies
  
• Provide financial assistance
• Incorporate recommendations into NPIAS/ACIP
• Coordinate implementation with state, MPOs,
• airport sponsors, aviation industry, etc.

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AGENCY ROLES State Aviation Agency

• Depends on block grant vs. non-block grant
• Establish continuous system planning
• process
• Determine complexity of process/plan
• Provide leadership and establish goals
• Initiate and manage planning studies
• Advocate states transportation objectives
• Select consultant and administer contracts
• Provide financial support

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AGENCY ROLES Metropolitan/ Regional Planning
Agency

• Based on legislative authority and aviation
  expertise
• Consult with FAA, state aviation agency, and
  local airport to
• Determine role in advocating aviation
• Identify critical regional aviation issues
• Discuss types of studies needed
• Manage regional aviation studies
• Complement state aviation studies
• Proponent for aviation enhancement and
  preservation
• Contact for regional surface access, air quality,
  and land-use planning issues

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MULTI-STATE AVIATION SYSTEM PLANNING

• Determine purpose and goals/objectives
• Agree to roles of FAA, states, MPOs, airports
• Adequately develop project scope
• Determine public consultation
• Define current and future airport roles
• Implement agreed upon results
• Update NPIAS and airport CIPs
• Successful effort under New England Regional
  Airport System Plan

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INPUT INTO

• NPIAS
• Airport roles, condition and performance
  information
• Airports of national interest, not identified as
  such by FAA
• Definition of airport roles
• Adhere to NPIAS categories
• State/MPO expand general aviation definitions
• Master plans and airport CIPs
• Development requirements and funding priorities
  consistent with state/regional goals
• Policy guidance for improvements to satisfy
  airports role
• Special studies, i.e. pavement condition or
  obstructions
• Forecasts to be used as basis
• Estimated timing of and costs for warranted
  airport development

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ISSUES TO CONSIDER

• Compatible land use/zoning
• Function of local government, sometimes state
• Recommend regulations and encourage local
  communities to protect/preserve airports
• Communication with local communities
• during process vital to gathering support
• Airport and air service preservation
• Aid or induce airlines
• Gain community and legislature support

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ISSUES TO CONSIDER

• Inter-modal Transportation Planning
• Aviation viewed as critical element
• Understand role and establish dialogue with
  surface transportation agencies
• Ground access to airports
• Forecast traffic versus capacity
• Air quality
• Movement of air cargo
• Strategic Planning
• Establish flexible and dynamic process in system
  plan or special study
• Determine planning agencys goals, projects, and
  funding scenarios

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PRODUCTS

• Cost effective action plan developing airports
  consistent with goals and objectives
• System plan reports
• Interim updates review and reappraisal of
  planning documents
• Electronic data systems - GIS, eALP, ACIP,
  pavement condition surveys, etc.
• Special studies
• Innovative planning techniques

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Airport Capacity and Delay

• LOG 490
• Dr. Burcu Adivar

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Introduction

• Efficient movement of aircraft and passengers
  between airport depends on
• the demand for service by aircraft operators and
  passengers
• capacity of the airport on airfield, airside and
  landside
• When air traffic demand exceeds airport capacity,
  delays will occur resulting in
• cost to air carriers
• Inconvenience to passengers
• Increased workload for the air traffic control
  system, airport employees and administrators

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Classification of airports facing capacity
problems

• Airports serving large metropolitan areas
• Populations exceeding 5 million
• Demand exceeds capacity despite the reliever
  airports
• Examples Chicago, Los Angeles, South Florida,
  San Francisco, Washington D.C. and New York City.

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Reasons for delays

• Adverse weather
• Excessive volume (insufficient capacity)
• demand growth gt airport growth
• Runway closures
• Equipment
• Aircraft mechanical issues
• Other

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Definition of capacity

• Capacity Practical maximum number of operations
  that a system can serve within a given period of
  time.
• It is a rate, similar to velocity
• Airport capacity
• Aircraft operating capacity
• Throughput capacity
• Practical capacity

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Airport Capacity as Aircraft operating capacity

• Aircraft operations per hour
• single runway airport 60 operations per hour,
  i.e.
• airport can serve approximately 60 takeoffs and
  landings
• Other capacities at an airport
• Passenger processing capacity
• Vehicle capacity

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Airport Capacity as Throughput capacity

• true theoretical definition
• basis for airport capacity planning
• ultimate rate at which aircraft operations may be
  handled without regard to
• any small delays that might occur as a result of
  imperfections in operations
• such as the probability that an aircraft will
  take longer than necessary to take off
• minor random events that might occur
• such as temporary runway closure due to a debris

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Airport Capacity as Practical capacity

• the number of operations that may be actually
  accommodated over time with
• nominal amount of delay (or maximum acceptable
  average delay)
• no more than 4 minutes
• FAA defines two measures
• practical hourly capacity
• practical annual capacity

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Capacity of an airfield

• Highly variable
• Depending on factors such as
• utilization and configuration of runways
• type of aircraft operating (speed, size, etc.)
• percentage of takeoff and landing operations
  being performed
• instrument landing systems
• ambient climatic conditions
• single runway 60-99, 42-53
• FAA regulations prescribing the use of runways

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Capacity estimation

• Departure capacity capacity of a runway handling
  only takeoffs
• Runway occupancy time (ROT) amount of time the
  aircraft requires to start from an initial
  position at the beginning of the runway to the
  time it in fact leaves the runway environment
  allowing another aircraft to depart
• 30 sec lt ROT lt 60 sec, depending on the aircraft
• the shorter an aircrafts ROT, the greater the
  capacity

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Capacity estimation

• Arrival capacity capacity of a runway handling
  only landings
• affected by
• Approach speed
• Longitudinal separation (3-6 miles)
• fleet mix ( aircraft operations by aircraft
  type)
• the more distributed the mix, the lower arrival
  capacity
• Accurately estimating the capacity of a runway is
  a challenge!

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Time-space diagram

• two-dimensional graph representing the location
  of an arriving or departing aircraft at a given
  point in time
• Figs. 12.7-10, p.425

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Time-space diagram
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Time-space diagram
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Capacity Determination Methods

• FAA approximation charts
• MI C3D
• hourly capacity
• annual service volume
• Simulation models
• Industry standard analysis tool
• Airport and airspace simulation model (SIMMOD)
• Total airport and airspace modeler (TAAM)

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SIMMOD

• Existing or proposed airport facilities
• Airport operating alternatives
• taxi patterns, runway use, departure queuing
• Existing or proposed airspace structures
• routes, procedures
• Air traffic management/control policies
• Aircraft separation standard parameters
• weather, type, flight state
• Airline operations
• flight schedule, gate use, and service times
• Current and future traffic demand
• volume, aircraft mix, new aircraft types

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SIMMOD output

• evaluating alternatives
• aircraft travel time
• delay
• operating costs
• system capacity
• throughput and traffic loading

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SIMMOD Screenshot
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Delay (capacity, demand)

• Figure 12-14 pp.432

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Estimating delay

• FAA tables and graphs
• Computer simulation models
• Analytical estimates
• Cumulative arrival diagram (queuing diagram)
• Based on queing theory

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Queuing Diagram

• Fig. 12.15 on pp.434

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FAA Data sources for delays

• Air traffic operations network system (OPSNET)
• Records of aircraft delayed for 15 min or more
• Delays due to air traffic problems
• Weather
• Terminal
• Volume closed runways
• Closed taxiways
• Consolidated operations and Delay Analysis System
  (CODAS)
• For US domestic flights
• Gate-out, wheels off, wheels on, gate in data

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Approaches to reduce delay

• Increase system capacity
• Additional runways
• Terminal facilities
• Ground access roads,
• Provision of technology and policies to increase
  efficiency
• Manage system demand
• Change the behavior of system users

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Demand management

• Objective To ease congestion by diverting some
  traffic to different time and places
• Restriction of airport access by aircraft type or
  use
• Establishment of quotas on number of operations
  and passenger enplanements
• By reservation system
• Negotiation , auction
• Administrative determination
• Redistributing traffic from busy airports to
  underused airports
• Increased landing fee, peak-hour surcharge