ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ORGANIC SOLID WASTES: An Overview of Research Achievements and Perspectives by Mata-Alvarez and Llabr

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Cleaner Production Research and Implementation
Activities carried out at Middle East Technical
University Prof.Dr. Göksel N. Demirer
Cleaner Production A tool for Green
Competitiveness in the Turkish Industry METU,
MoEF, RAC/CP 31 March 2008, METU, Ankara
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The first decade of the journey from 1998 to
2008
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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INTEGRATED PREVENTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
TRAINING FOR MUNICIPALITIES PROJECT (1999-2003)

Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
4
The project was developed and implemented by the
Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and
Architects (UCTEA), Chamber of Environmental
Engineers (CEE) and financially supported by the
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
(SDC). The aim and the scope of the Project
were (1) training all levels of personnel of
municipalities in basic integrated and preventive
environmental management strategies by organizing
workshops about preventative environmental
management, (2) informing the municipalities
about different environmental technologies, (3)
establishing a base for local environmental
protection strategies and public participation
and auditing, and (4) providing a framework for
the development of municipal policies and actions
on the environment.
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
5
Within the first phase activities of the project,
the workshops were implemented with a high level
of success in Içel, Denizli, Van, Eskisehir,
Diyarbakir and Samsun. Furthermore, a Handbook
was published in Turkish distributed to all the
project workshop participants as well as the
interested individuals and institutions free of
charge. The contents of the Handbook included
the subjects covered in the workshops and was
prepared by an experienced team of university
faculty members and experts. The workshops
provided well over a thousand participants with
basic training on the fundamentals of pollution
prevention concept and its applications in
different local government operations.
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
6
The workshops and the Handbook covered the
following topics v pollution prevention
opportunities in local government operations
(pollution prevention and compliance assistance,
purchasing practices encouraging regulatory
compliance and pollution prevention,
construction/property management,
pesticide/vector management, public safety, solid
waste management, wastewater management, water
resources management, water supply, and
vehicle/equipment maintenance) v preventive
municipal environmental management and public
health v overview of applicable laws and
regulations v case studies for preventive
municipal environmental management v selected
national and international resources for
preventive municipal environmental management
studies v opportunities for public participation
and auditing in preventive municipal
environmental management
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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Venue of the seminars and the number of
participants
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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• GOOD HOUSEKEEPING
• APPLICATIONS IN
• TURKISH COMPANIES
• DELTA
• (Developing Environmental
• Leadership Towards Action)
• Eco-Efficiency Programme
• (2001-2002)

Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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• The project was implemented by the UCTEA,Chamber
  of Environmental Engineers (CEE) and Sustainable
  Business Associates (Switzerland) and financially
  supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and
  Cooperation (SDC). The aim of the Project was to
• Introduce the concepts of preventive
  environmental management or eco-management to
  Turkish industry at SME level.
• Lay down a foundation for launching wider efforts
  in the area of industrial eco-efficiency
• Introduce practical environmental management
  tools related to good housekeeping that Turkish
  enterprises can use to minimise waste, conserve
  water, save energy, prevent pollution, and
  improve organisational procedures
• Promote a broad dissemination and application of
  these principles and tools.

Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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PROJECT ACTIVITIES ? April 2001 Good
Housekeeping Guide was printed in Turkish. ? May
7th-11th, 2001DELTA Eco-Management Week was
organised in Gebze, Turkey, in cooperation with
Sustainable Business Associates (SBA,
Switzerland), Regional Activity Centre for
Cleaner Production (RAC/CP, Spain) and TUBITAK
Marmara Research Centre (MRC, Turkey), as a part
of a LIFE Project. More than 50 engineers and
managers from enterprises participated in the
project. ? October 2001 First Turkish GHK case
studies has been finalised and printed. A total
saving of 15,000 US /year was succeded in the 3
companies that have applied Good Housekeeping
Guide in their enterprises. ? 21st-22nd October,
2001 A Good Housekeeping seminar was organized
in Ankara, with the participation of Sustainable
Business Associates (SBA), in cooperation with
KOSGEB. Around 25 engineers from SMEs,
representatives from ministries of environment
and industry, and academicians participated in
the seminar. ? 12-13 Febraury 2002 Good
Housekeeping Seminar in Bursa, a highly
industrialized city in West Anatolia, in
cooperation with KOSGEB Bursa and supported by
TTGV and Bursa International Textile trade and
commerce Centre.
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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SUMMARY OF SOME OF THE CASE STUDIES
COMPANY TITLE ECONOMIC RESULTS ENVIRONMENTAL RESULTS
HOB Paint and Chemicals Industry Inc., Gebze, Turkey Rearranging the Working hours of a machine No investment cost Annual saving 2000 USD Immediate payback 11800 kWh/year energy is saved
HOB Paint and Chemicals Industry Inc., Gebze, Turkey Modifying Raw Material Transfer Method Investment cost 50 USD Annual saving 3000 USD Immediate payback The reuse of the spilled raw material avoided 2.5 ton/year of waste discharge and related pollution.
BARMEK Inc., Ankara, Turkey Reuse of Leakage Paints Minimisizes The Material Loss Investment cost 670 USD Annual saving 1120 USD Payback period 7 months Consideable amount of paint is resused rather than being wasted.
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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CLEANER PRODUCTION OPPORTUNITY ASSESSMENT FOR A
MARKET MILK PRODUCTION FACILITY (2001-2003)
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to conduct a
cleaner production assessment (CPA) for a market
milk production facility to identify the
opportunities of CP, corresponding environmental
and economical benefits. METHODOLOGY The
methodology used in this study was prepared by
compiling and reorganizing different manuals and
checklists (UNEP, DEPA, EPA, SBA, NYSDEC)
developed by several leading institutions in the
field of CP. The mass balance approach was
selected as CPA methodology or the strategy of
analysis adopted.
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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The outline of the methodology followed is
presented below
Step Task Sub-Task Description
1- Planning and Organization Establishing and organizing a CPA Program Obtain management commitment Select team members to develop cleaner production plan
2- Pre-assessment (qualitative review) Compilation of background information Develop facility profile
3-Assessment (quantitative review) Conducting Environmental Review Compile facility data Conduct site inspection Identify cleaner production options Organize cleaner production options
4- Evaluation and Feasibility Study Conducting Feasibility Assessment Conduct feasibility assessment
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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Flow Diagram of the Facility
Raw milk intake
Pasteurization
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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Cleaner Production Opportunities
CP Opportunities for Cleaning Operations Change
of Technology-Clean In Place (CIP)
System Off-site reuse/ Milky rinse Change
Equipment/ Shut-off nozzle use GHK-change in
operating practices Chemical change Reuse-Alkali
ne water reuse
CP Opportunities for Market Milk
Production Clean water recycles GHK/repair Off-
site reuse/ milk sludge Off-site reuse/ milky
water GHK/ small equipment change/ water
milk GHK/operating Practices
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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? The results could be summarized as follows
Eliminated water use (kg/day) Eliminated discharge (kg/day) Eliminated Chemical use (kg/day) Recycled Water (kg/day) Rreduced COD (kg/day) Reduced TSS (g/day) Reduced alkalinity (kg/day) reduced recycling (kg/day)
47329.7 9089.2 101.1 18636.9 181.9 20727.2 40.1 102.8
? Alternatively, the results can be presented
as ? 50 of the service water used, 9.3
of the current wastewater discharge, 65.4
of the chemical use, discharge of 181.91
kg/day of COD, and 20.7kg/ day of TSS
could be eliminated, and ? 19.6 of the
service water used could be recycled/reused.
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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CLEANER PRODUCTION OPPORTUNITY ASSESSMENT STUDY
FOR A PULP AND PAPER MILL (1999-2001)
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to
apply Cleaner Production concepts to a Turkish
pulp and paper mill to introduce the concept as
well as to provide a framework to future
initiatives. To this purpose a comprehensive
waste reduction audit was conducted.
METHODOLOGY ? Several waste audit guides from
different sources (UNEP, UNIDO, USEPA and others)
were examined and compiled leading to the
methodology implemented in this work. ? The
collected data were also compared with
international environmental performance
indicators from other companies in Europe, USA,
Canada, and Australia. This comparison provided
the specific opportunities for improvement at
different processes in the mill.
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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Process Flow Diagram
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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Inputs Ton/annum
Wood Logs 151,666
Kraft 12,778
Chemicals 12,352
Water 3,365,000
Steam 186,800
Total 3,728,596
MATERIAL BALANCE
?
Overall Mill Operations (Debarking and Chipping, Pulping, Paper Machine)
?
Outputs ton/annum
Newsprint 79,998
Bark and Saw Dust to Hog Fuel Boilers 18,447
Bark and Saw Dust lost 1,523
Wastewater 3,253,000
Fiber loss 3,750
Steam Exhausted 200,000
Total 3,556,718
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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Comparison of Pollution Loads with Environmental
Performance Indicators for (1) Woodyard
Chipping Operations, (2) CTMP Process Operations,
and (3) Paper Machine Operations
(1)
(2)
(3)
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Summary of waste reduction estimates for wood
yard and chipping operations
Parameter Max. Estimated Decrease by Max. Estimated Decrease by Max. Total Estimated Decrease
  Recycle of Log Flume Water Storm Water Management Max. Total Estimated Decrease
Water Consumption (m3/ton of ADP produced) 3 - 3
BOD5 (kg/ton of ADP produced) 2 - 2
COD (kg/ton of ADP produced) 3 - 3
TSS (kg/ton of ADP produced) 11.5 4 15.5
Wastewater Generation (m3/ton of ADP produced) 3 - 3
for CTMP process operations
Parameter Max. Estimated Decrease by Max. Estimated Decrease by Max. Estimated Decrease by Max. Estimated Decrease by Max. Total Estimated Decrease
Parameter Improved Raw Material Selection Improved Chipping Screening Extended Delignification Spill Control Max. Total Estimated Decrease
Water Consumption (m3/ton of ADP produced) 3 - - 3 6
BOD5 (kg/ton of ADP produced) 9 11 13 5 38
COD (kg/ton of ADP produced) 28 20 32.5 20 100.5
TSS (kg/ton of ADP produced) 6.5 8 - 5 19.5
Wastewater Generation (m3/ton of ADP produced) 3 - - 3 6
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Summary of waste reduction estimates for paper
machine operations
Max. Estimated Decrease by Max. Estimated Decrease by Max. Estimated Decrease by Max. Estimated Decrease by Max. Total Estimated Decrease
  Parameter Additional Vacuum Extraction Tanks Reducing Seal Water Utilized in Vacuum Pumps Reducing Fresh Water Usage in Felt Showers Replacing Gland Seals Max. Total Estimated Decrease
Water Consumption (m3/ton of paper produced) Water Consumption (m3/ton of paper produced) - 1 1 0.5 2.5
BOD5 (kg/ton of paper produced) BOD5 (kg/ton of paper produced) 7 - - - 7
COD (kg/ton of paper produced) COD (kg/ton of paper produced) 15 - - - 15
TSS (kg/ton of paper produced) TSS (kg/ton of paper produced) 10 - - - 10
Wastewater Generation (m3/ton of ADP produced) Wastewater Generation (m3/ton of ADP produced) - 1 1 0.5 2.5
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
25
Implementation of EUs IPPC Directive in a
Turkish Denim Manufacturing Plant (2005-2007)

Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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• IPPC ? Integrated Pollution Prevention and
  Control
• IPPC Directive (96/61/EC ) states to
• Prevent pollution from industrial production
  through raw material substitution, clean
  technologies, etc.
• and
• Control the pollution from industrial production
  through treatment facilities

Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
27
Under the management of Prof.Dr. Ülkü Yetis of
Dept. of Environmental Engineering, METU, this
project aimed to implement the IPPC Directive for
a major textile plant, as the first time in the
country. This project had investigated the
applicability of BATs for textile mill
investigated. As a part of this project, many
pollution prevention opportunities were also
evaluated such as ? Water use efficiency and
recycling/reuse ? Energy efficiency ? Chemical
substitution (or alternative chemical use) ?
Recycling and reuse of caustic There has been
major success in terms of pollution prevention,
water reuse, recycling, etc. among
others. Details of this project will be provided
in two different presentations during the
Workshop.
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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MICROTRAINING SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATION
PARTNERS Delft University of Technology, The
Netherlands Technical University of Catalonia,
Spain Aachen University, Germany. Middle East
Technical University, Turkey Royal Institute of
Technology/KTH, Sweden
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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MICROTRAINING SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATION
An increasing number of companies find
Sustainable Development (SD) important this is
mainly due to the growing attention from politics
and society. Nowadays technology and innovation
play important roles in the approaches to
sustainability related problems.Exchanging of new
knowledge and insight is therefore important.
Daily practise proves that it is difficult for
companies to regularly make time to transfer
knowledge internally. Therefore it is necessary
for companies to have a practical approach on
improving the level of knowledge of Sustainable
Technological Innovation (STI) within the
organisation. MICROTRAINING offers a flexible
approach focussed on stimulating feedback,
coupled on various learning styles and
participants.
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
30
Related topics are taught in series of modules of
15 to 30 minutes,. The choice of topics covered
will be determined by the knowledge requirements
of the employees of the company. The
MICROTRAINING approach is developed and tested by
six companies in the Netherlands, Delft
University of Technology and InnovadersAmsterdam,
and in corporation with BecoRotterdam.
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
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MICROTRAINING APPROACH
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
32
Parallel Development of Industrial Productivity
and Environmental Performance at SMEs Level
(2007-) in cooperation with Turkish National
Productivity Center and Çankaya University
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
33
The aim of the project is to demonstrate the
industrial productivity and environmental
performance can be enhanced together. To this
end the specific objectives of this project can
be summarized as ? Compiling and developing an
eco-efficiency guide for SMEs with relevant
environmental performance and industrial
productivity indicators ? Training 20 SMEs from
different sectors about the use of this guide ?
Conducting 5 case studies and monitoring and
correlating the environmental performance and
industrial productivity ? Demonstrating that
environmental management is not a burden, but it
is an activity increasing productivity of the
company through dissemination activities.
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey
34
A WEB PAGE IN TURKISH
  Prof. Dr. Göksel Demirer Orta Dogu Teknik Üniversitesi Çevre  Mühendisligi  Bölümü Prof. Dr. Göksel Demirer Orta Dogu Teknik Üniversitesi Çevre  Mühendisligi  Bölümü  
   
   
   Anasayfa Temiz Üretim Temiz Üretim Araçlari Temiz Üretim Sözlügü Örnek Uygulamalar Ilgili Kurumlar Yararli Kaynaklar  Anasayfa Temiz Üretim Temiz Üretim Araçlari Temiz Üretim Sözlügü Örnek Uygulamalar Ilgili Kurumlar Yararli Kaynaklar  
    Anasayfa Temiz Üretim Temiz Üretim Araçlari Temiz Üretim Sözlügü Endüstriyel Uygulamalar Ilgili Kurumlar Yararli Kaynaklar Iletisim Özellikle 20. Yüzyilin ikinci yarisinda bas döndürücü bir hiza ulasan teknolojik ve endüstriyel gelismelerin beraberinde getirdigi çevresel degerlerin tahribi ve yenilenemeyen kaynaklarin hizla azalmasi günümüzde ivmelenerek sürmektedir.   Endüstrilesme ve yasam biçimlerindeki degismeye paralel olarak ortaya çikan atiklar, zaman içinde logaritmik bir artis göstermis ve bu atiklardan kaynakli yasanilan yerel çevre sorunlari küresel bir boyut kazanmistir. Ozon tabakasindaki delinme, küresel isinma, asit yagmurlari, çesitli dogal alici ortamlara -özümseme kapasitelerinin çok üzerindeki miktarlarda- yapilan toksik ve tehlikeli atik desarjlari bu kapsamda sayilabilir.  
http//144.122.60.76/people/gndemirer/links/temizu
retim/index.htm
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THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE
Prof. Dr. Göksel N. Demirer, Department of
Environmental Engineering Middle East Technical
University, Ankara, Turkey