What is science? What is its goal? Its goal is to investigate and understand nature, explain the events in nature and make predictions. 2. How is science different from other fields of study? Science differs from other fields by dealing with the - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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What is science? What is its goal? Its goal is to investigate and understand nature, explain the events in nature and make predictions. 2. How is science different from other fields of study? Science differs from other fields by dealing with the

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Types of variables: Manipulated (experimental) Responding (results or outcome) Controlled (same ... (Ecology, zoology, cytology, embryology, microbiology.) – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: What is science? What is its goal? Its goal is to investigate and understand nature, explain the events in nature and make predictions. 2. How is science different from other fields of study? Science differs from other fields by dealing with the


1
What is science? What is its goal? Its goal
is to investigate and understand nature, explain
the events in nature and make predictions.2.
How is science different from other fields of
study?Science differs from other fields by
dealing with the natural world, organizing info,
and testing explanations.
Igor
2

Mystery Box- What is in the box? How would you
find out? What questions could you ask?Can you
figure out the answer without seeing inside the
box? Explain. Does this happen in our lives or
in science? Senses - can be used to make
inferences. What are inferences? (logical
interpretation) How can you use your 5 senses to
do this? Sticky table-What can you infer?Car
alarm - ???Water running down the windowSmell
pizza??The milk tastes bad???
3
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4
How Scientists Work 1-2Scientific methodMain
Steps1. Observe, question, problem2.
research3. Hypothesis4. Controlled experiment/
data5. Conclusion-Who is a scientist? What do
they do?Controlled experiments contain
variables. Types of variables Manipulated
(experimental) Responding (results or
outcome)Controlled (same in all trials of
experiment)Only one manipulated variable can be
changed per experiment.Brainstorm Design an
Experiment to test the presence of bacteria on
remote controls.
5
Observation and Inference
Section 1-1
Statement Observation Inference
Object A is round and orange.
Object A is a basketball.
Object C is round and black and white.
Object C is larger than Object B.
Object B is smooth.
Object B is a table-tennis ball.
Each object is used in a different sport.
Go to Section
6
Observation and Inference
Section 1-1
Statement Observation Inference
  • Object A is a basketball.
  • Object B is a table-tennis ball.
  • Object C is a soccer ball.

Object A is round and orange.
Object A is a basketball.
Object C is round and black and white.
Object C is larger than Object B.
Object B is smooth.
Object B is a table-tennis ball.
Each object is used in a different sport.
Go to Section
7
Flowchart
Section 1-2
Designing an Experiment
State the Problem
Gather information
Analyze Results
Form a Hypothesis
Draw a Conclusion
Set Up a Controlled Experiment
Publish Results
Record Results
Go to Section
8
What is a hypothesis? Can you prove it?Probable
answer based on info.What is a theory? Can you
prove it? It is a well-tested explanation.
(evolution)Can a theory come from a
hypothesis?What is a law? It is an
explanation or theory has been tested and
re-tested and is accepted as true.
(gravity)-Laws can be changed and help explain
nature.How to study science 1. Dont
memorize 2. Understand concepts and apply
3. Group items 4. Consider structure and
function 5. Think critically and problem solve
6. Be aware of the world around you
(observe and listen!)
9
Spontaneous Generation(A bit of history of the
scientific method)Can Life come from non-life?
Explain. Does a bull produce bees or does manure
produce beetles?Definition - spontaneous
unexpectedly generate-bring into existenceRedi
- His tests proved flies do not come from rotting
meat. What was his hypothesis?What variable did
he change?Needham What can you learn from
him?What was Needhams hypothesis? Spallanzani
What did he do?What was his hypothesis? What
was the manipulated variable?
10
Figure 1-8 Redis Experiment on Spontaneous
Generation
Section 1-2
OBSERVATIONS Flies land on meat that is left
uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS Flies produce maggots.
PROCEDURE
Uncovered jars
Covered jars
Controlled Variables jars, type of
meat, location, temperature, time
Several days pass
Manipulated Variables gauze covering that keeps
flies away from meat
Responding Variable whether maggots appear
Maggots appear
No maggots appear
CONCLUSION Maggots form only when flies come in
contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of
maggots did not occur.
11
Figure 1-10 Spallanzanis Experiment
Gravy is teeming with microorganisms.
Flask is open.
Gravy is boiled.
Flask is sealed.
Gravy is free of microorganisms.
Gravy is boiled.
12
Figure 1-11 Pasteurs Experiment
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of microorganisms for a year.
Curved neck is removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
13
Biology as a Science Section 1-3What
are the characteristics which distinguish life
from non-life? Characteristics of life-All
living things1. Reproduce2. Contain one or
more cells3. Grow/develop4. Use energy5.
Respond to the environment6. Change over time
(evolve)7. Universal genetic code(DNA or
RNA)8. Stable internal environment
(homeostasis) Must everything reproduce to be
alive? Why is it important to continuing
life?How do organisms get energy?What are
some things for which organisms use energy? How
do you respond to your environment? How do you
get energy? Metabolism - chemical reactions
needed to carry out life processes.
14
The Study of Life
1.1 Introduction to Biology
Displays Organization
  • Living things also display organization, which
    means they are arranged in an orderly way.
  • Specialized cells are organized into groups that
    work together called tissues.
  • Tissues are organized into organs.
  • Organ systems work together to support an
    organism.

15
The Study of Life
Grows and Develops link
  • Growth results in the addition of mass to an
    organism and, in many organisms, the formation of
    new cells and new structures.

16
The Study of Life
Reproduces
  • A species is a group of organisms that can breed
    with one another and produce fertile offspring.

17
The Study of Life
1.1 Introduction to Biology
Responds to Stimuli
  • Anything that is part of the internal or external
    environments and causes some sort of reaction by
    the organism is called a stimulus.

Venus flytrap
  • The reaction to a stimulus is a response.

18
The Study of Life
Requires Energy
  • Living things get their energy from food.
  • Most plants and some unicellular organisms use
    light energy from the Sun to make their own food
    and fuel their activities.
  • Organisms that cannot make their own food get
    energy by consuming other organisms.

19
The Study of Life
Maintains Homeostasis (balance)
  • Regulation of an organisms internal conditions
    to maintain life is called homeostasis. Dog
    panting
  • If anything happens within or to an organism that
    affects its normal state, processes to restore
    the normal state begin.

20
The Study of Life
Introduction to Biology
Adaptations Evolve Over Time
  • An adaptation is any inherited characteristic
    that results from changes to a species over time.

21
Characteristics of Living Things
Characteristic
Examples
Living things are made up of units called cells.
Many microorganisms consist of only a single
cell. Animals and trees are multicellular.
Living things reproduce.
Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can
reproduce asexually by budding.
Living things are based on a universal genetic
code.
Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds
from maple trees produce maple trees.
Living things grow and develop.
Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots,
and then become adult flies.
Living things obtain and use materials and energy.
Plants obtain their energy from sunlight.
Animals obtain their energy from the food they
eat.
Leaves and stems of plants grow toward light.
Living things respond to their environment.
Despite changes in the temperature of the
environment, a robin maintains a constant body
temperature.
Living things maintain a stable internal
environment.
Taken as a group, living things change over time.
Plants that live in the desert survive because
they have become adapted to the conditions of the
desert.
22
Name some branches of biology.What do they
do? (Ecology, zoology, cytology, embryology,
microbiology.)Why do scientists work
together?Ex Would a scientist need to talk
with a molecular biologist when formulating
contact lens solution? Do they need to talk to
chemists? Doctors? Why?Do ecologists need to
know about both plants and animals?
Why?Organization Levels 1. Molecule 7.
Population2. Cells 8. Community3. Tissue
9. Ecosystem4. Organ 10.Biosphere5. Organ
System6. Organism Why is the earth sometimes
called a spaceship? How can applying biology
make you more likely to protect the environment?
23
Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization
Biosphere
The part of Earth that contains all ecosystems
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community and its nonliving surroundings
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream,
rocks, air
Community
Populations that live together in a defined area
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Population
Group of organisms of one type that live in the
same area
Bison herd
24
Figure 1-21 Levels of Organization continued
Section 1-3
Organism
Individual living thing
Bison
Tissues, organs, and organ systems
Groups of Cells
Nervous system
Brain
Nervous tissue
Smallest functional unit of life
Cells
Nerve cell
Groups of atoms smallest unit of most
chemical compounds
Molecules
DNA
Water
Go to Section
25
Section 1-4 Tools of Biologists1. Compound
light microscope2. Electron microscopes
(transmission electron microscope and scanning
electron microscope)3. Fractionation - breaks
apart cell parts like a blender.4.
Centrifugation- separates cell parts by
spinning.5. Microdissection - small parts can
be removed using special tools 6. Cell
cultures - nutrient agar (gel) grows the cells in
a petri dish.
26
Metric SystemWhy is the metric system universal?
Based on 10. Meter - (length)was first
introduced in 1791 in France. It equaled
1/10,000,000 of the distance from the equator to
the north pole. In 1983- it was defined as the
length the light traveled during 1/299,792,458 of
a second. -Celsius - (temperature) devised by
Anders Celsius ( 1701-1744). 0 degrees is the
melting point of ice and 100 degrees is the
boiling point of water. Also called
centigrade. This scale is based on 10. -Liter
(volume) -Gram (mass) -What is the difference
between mass and weight?-Seconds (time) use
prefixes for very small or large
s.-Light-year (distance) Unit used only for
very large distances (space). This is the
distance light travels in one year. The speed
of light is 3 x 108 m/s.
27
Measure using what unit?1. Glass of milk
_________________ (volume)2. Pack of gum
_________________ (mass)3. Length of a Porsche
___________ (length)4. Width of a paperclip
__________ (length)5. Pack of M Ms
____________ (mass)6. Bottle of water
_______________ (volume)7. Body temperature of
a lizard __________ (temp)8. Diameter of the
sun _________________ (length)9. Distance to
Pluto? __________________ (distance)10. How
late you are for class ___________ (time)
28
Kilo- Hecto- Deca- meter, gram,
liter Deci- Centi- Milli-
Metric Prefixes
29
Measuring length
  • Use a ruler
  • Line up from zero not the end of the ruler
  • Small divisions are millimeters

0
1
2
3
4
30
Volume
  • Liter a common unit
  • 1 L about 1/4 of a gallon - a quart
  • 1 mL is about 20 drops of water or 1 sugar cube

31
Measuring Volume
30
  • Use a graduated cylinder.
  • The water will curve in the cylinder.
  • Hold it level with your eye.
  • Read the bottom of the curve.
  • Measures in milliliters mL.

20
10
32
Mass
  • weight is a force, mass is the amount of matter.
  • 1gram is defined as the mass of 1 cm3 of water at
    4 ºC.
  • 1 kg 1 L of water
  • 1 kg 2.2 lbs
  • 1 g 1 paper clip
  • 1 mg 10 grains of salt or 2 drops of water.

33
Measuring Mass
  • Use a triple beam balance
  • First balance it at zero.
  • Then put item on
  • Then move one weight at a time
  • When balanced, add up the weights

34
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
35
Tables
  • Organizing data into groups
  • Putting those groups into rows and columns
  • Gives us an easy way to compare data

36
Graphs include
  • A title
  • Labeled axes
  • A consistent scale.

37
Graphs
  • Give a visual representation of data
  • Summarizes data.
  • Two types of variables
  • Independent variable the thing you have control
    over x-axis
  • Dependent variable the thing that you dont have
    control over (What you measure). y-axis
  • Three types of graphs line, bar, and circle

38
Making a Graph From A Data Table
Water Released and Absorbed by Tree
Absorbed by Roots (g/h)
Released by Leaves (g/h)
20
Water released by leaves
Time
15
8 AM
2
1
10
Relative Rates (g/h)
10 AM
5
1
12
12 PM
4
5
2 PM
6
17
Water released by leaves
4 PM
9
16
0
6 PM
14
10
8 AM
10 AM
12 PM
2 PM
4 PM
6 PM
8 PM
8 PM
10
3
Time
39
Circle Graphs
  • Often called a pie chart
  • divided into parts
  • easy to compare to whole amount.
  • Use several to show changes over time

40
Bar Graphs
  • Bar Graphs- wide columns used things like weight,
    height , and length.
  • Compare quantities

41
Line Graphs
  • Line Graphs- compares sets of data, show change
    and patterns over time.

42
Line Graphs
  • Line Graphs- compares sets of data, show change
    and patterns over time.

43











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44
The Study of Life
Chapter 1
1.3 Methods of Science
Analyze the Data
  • A graph of the data makes the pattern easier to
    grasp.
  • Even when a hypothesis has not been supported, it
    is valuable.
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