Living organisms are classified into 3 Domains

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Living organisms are classified into 3 Domains

• 1. Bacteria
• 2. Archaea
• 3. Eukarya

4 Kingdoms in this Domain
2
Domain Eukarya has 4 Kingdoms

• 1. Kingdom Protista
• 2. Kingdom Fungi
• 3. Kingdom Plantae
• 4. Kingdom Animalia

3
Characteristics of Plants

• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Can not move
• Autotrophic-can Photosynthesize
• Thick cell walls made of cellulose

4
Adaptations of Plants

• Cuticle to prevent water loss
• Leaves for carrying out photosynthesis
• Roots to anchor and absorb water and minerals
• Stems for support and transport of food, water
  and minerals
• Vascular tissues for transport in some plants
• Most have seeds for reproduction
• Alternation of generations

5
Plant Evolution

• Plants are divided into vascular and nonvascular
• The Vascular plants are divided into seed plants
  and non seed plants
• The Seed Plants are divided into those with cones
  and those with flowers

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Vascular/NonvascularSeed/Seedless

• Bryophytes are the non vascular plants with focus
  on the moss
• The Pterophytes are the ferns and they are
  vascular and seedless
• The Seed plants consist of the Gymnosperms with
  cones and the Angiosperms with flowers.

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Ginkgophyta

• A division of seed plants that
• have only one living species
• The leaves of the plant are fan shaped
• For centuries it was thought to be extinct in the
  wild, but is now known to grow wild in eastern
  China. The wild status of ginkgos there is
  uncertain.

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Evolution of Plants
4 major evolutionary steps
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Alternation of Generations Gametophyte and
Sporophyte

Notice that the more advanced plants have a
dominant Sporophyte and the less advanced plants
have a more dominant Gametophyte
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Moss Life Cyclehttp//intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/1
12s99Lect/life-cycles.htmlhttp//www.sumanasinc.
com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/moss.html
Moss Life Cycle
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Fern Life Cyclehttp//intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/1
12s99Lect/life-cycles.html
Fern Life Cycle
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Alternation of Generations
By definition, all plants alternate
generations Gametophyte nhaploid Sporophyte
2ndiploid
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Vascular Tissue
Xylem specialized cells for carrying water and
dissolved minerals from the roots The specialized
cells found in Xylem are the tracheids Phloem cell
s for carrying food produced in the leaves
through photosynthesis to all parts of the plant
Vascular Cambium The specialized tissue that
gives rise to new Xylem and Phloem This is the
tissue that brings about the growth of a tree
trunk
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Leaf Structurehttp//www.purchon.com/biology/flas
h/leaf.swf

• The primary function of leaves is photosynthesis
• Most photosynthesis takes place in the Palisade
  mesophyll
• Spongy mesophyll is loosely packed cells and
  permits gases to move between palisade cells and
  the outside of the leaf

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Root Structure

• Apical Mesistems are found at the tips of roots
• This is an area of active growth
• There are also meristems found at the tips of
  growing stems

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Root Functions

• Anchor plants
• Absorb water and minerals
• May store carbohydrates (carrots, potatoes,
  turnips)
• May store water for dry periods
• Plant Cells use minerals, such as nitrogen and
  potassium in LARGE amounts called
  macronutrients 
• Minerals needed in SMALL amounts are called
  micronutrients
• Mineral deficiencies or excess minerals can kill
  plants

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Transport in Plants

• Transport in a plant involves movement of water,
  minerals, macro and micronutrients by vascular
  cambium
• Xylem transports water and minerals from the
  roots
• Phloem transports food from the leaves to all
  parts of the plant
• Root Hairs aid in the absorption of water and
  minerals because it increases the surface area of
  roots

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Structure and Function of Stomata

• If water enters the guard cells, they swell up
  and the stomata opens
• If water leaves the guard cells, they become
  flaccid and the stomata closes

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Angiosperm or Flowering Plant Reproduction
The Sporophyte is the dominant stage in the life
cycle of the Angiosperms
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Basic Flower Structure of an Angiosperm
http//plantandsoil.unl.edu/croptechnology2005/pl
ant_phys/?whatanimationListinformationModuleId1
087230040

• Sepals protect the flower bud from insect damage
  and dryness
• The color, scent, and nectar of flowers attracts
  insects, bats, and birds
• These animals help to transfer the pollen from
  the anthers of one flower to the stigma of other
  flowers-called pollination

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Complete and Incomplete Flowers

• Perfect Flowers have both male and female
  reproductive structures.
• Imperfect Flowers have either male or female
  structures
• Complete flowers have four basic structures
  petals, sepals, a stamen and a pistil
• Incomplete flowers have one or more of these
  structures lacking

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Pollen Tube Growth and Fertilization in
Angiosperms

• The Pollen grains are transferred to the Stigma
  where the pollen grain produces a Pollen tube
• The pollen tube grows down the style into the
  ovary where it fuses its nuclei with the nuclei
  of the ovule
• The fertilized ovule becomes a seed and the ovary
  develops into the fruit of the plant

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Plant Responses
Example Sensitivity to pressure or touch This
can be protective for the plant
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Phototropism

• Positive Phototropism the plant is bending
  toward the sunlight

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Phototropism

• Phototropism is illustrated by the movement of
  plants in relation to light source direction
• Light causes the hormone auxin to move to the
  shaded side
• The auxin causes the cells on the shaded side to
  elongate
• As a result, the shoot bends toward the light and
  exhibits positive phototropism

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Thigmotropism

• Thigmotropism is a plant growth response to
  touching a solid object
• Tendrils and stems of vines, such as morning
  glories, coil when they touch an object
• Thigmotropism allows some vines to climb other
  plants or objects, thus increasing its chance of
  intercepting light for photosynthesis.

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Geotropism or Gravitropism
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Gravitropism

• Gravitropism is a plant growth response to
  gravity
• A root usually grows downward and a stem usually
  grows upward
• Roots are positively gravitropic and stems are
  negatively gravitropic

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Plant Hormones

• Auxin-This hormone promotes cell elongation
• Auxin is found in the apical meristems of plants
• Gibberellins help the plants to grow taller
• Gibberellins also increase the rate of seed
  germination and bud development

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Angiosperms are Divided intoMonocots and Dicots
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Monocots and Dicots Again
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Monocot and Dicot Seed Structure
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Monocot and Dicot Leaf Veins
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Monocot and Dicot Flower Pedals

• Monocot-pedals in groups of three or multiples
• Dicots-pedals in groups of 4s or 5s

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Monocot and Dicot Stem

• Monocots-vascular tissue scattered
• Dicots-vascular tissue around edge of stem

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Examples of Monocots and Dicots

• Monocots include grasses, oats, wheat, orchids,
  lilies and palms
• Dicots include shrubs, trees (except conifers)
  wild flowers and some garden flowers

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Monocot and Dicot Seed Anatomy

• Food is stored in the cotyledon for the embryo
• The seed coat functions as a physical barrier
• Epicotyls becomes the leaves of plant
• Hypocotyls becomes the stem
• Radicle becomes the root

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Seed Germination

• Requirements for seed germination include
• Enough water to activate the metabolism of embryo
• Sufficient oxygen for respiration
• Suitable temperature for growth of that species

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Seed Dispersal

• Seeds dispersal is completed by birds, small
  animals, wind, and water
• The tough, fibrous outer covering of a coconut
  provides protection as well as a floatation device

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Seed GerminationSeeds are stored food with an
Embryo

• Some species need unusual conditions for
  Germination
• Pass through acidic environment of an animals
  digestive system
• Some require freezing temperatures, extensive
  soaking in water (rice), exposure to fire
  (conifers/pines), or certain day lengths

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Genetic Engineering of Plants

• Plants can be genetically engineered to
• Be more tolerant of different climates soils
• Produce more fruit
• Be more nutritious
• Be more resistant to insects and herbicides