Electronic Warfare

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Electronic Warfare
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EW Intro

• EW is a component of Command Control Warfare
  (C2W)
• C2W Military strategy which implements
  Information Warfare (IW).
• C2W includes integrated use of OPSEC, military
  deception, PSYOPS, EW, and physical destruction.

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Three Components of EW

• Electronic Support (ES) ESM
• Electronic Attack (EA) ECM
• Electronic Protection (EP) ECCM

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Increasing Importance of EW

• Increased reliance on radar
• OTH targeting
• Increased use of Communications
• Tactical Data Systems (TDS)
• Increased speed of missiles and weapons systems
• High-speed detection and tracking
• Active-homing or passive-homing long-range
  missiles give little warning

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Electronic Support (ES)

• Surveillance of EM spectrum
• Immediate threat recognition
• Threat avoidance
• Homing and targeting.
• Passive EW
• Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) Info derived
  from foreign non-communications EM information,
  particularly radar.
• Communications Intelligence (COMINT) Info
  derived from foreign communications.

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ES Subdivisions

• Threat Warning and Avoidance
• Direction Finding
• Target Homing and Tracking

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ES Receiver Design Requirements

• Wide spectrum surveillance
• Wide dynamic range
• Unwanted signal rejection
• Angle-of-Arrival measurement
• Signal Analysis capability
• Display
• Recording System

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Signal Collection Process

• Signal Warning
• Alerts to presence of a signal
• Signal Sorting
• Uses frequency to sort out signals of
  immediate interest/action required
• Signal Analysis
• Determines specific capabilities for immediate
  and future actions

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Electronic Attack (EA)

• Use of EM or directed energy to attack personnel,
  facilities, or equipment.
• Active and Passive EW

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Non-Destructive EA

• Confusion Mask or hide real targets by
  cluttering the radar display.
• Jamming
• Noise Jamming
• Spot Jamming
• Barrage Jamming
• Sweep Jamming
• Chaff
• Infrared flares (Torch)

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Spot, Barrage, and Sweep Jamming
Sweep
Freq
Barrage
Spot
Ampl
Time
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Spot and Barrage Jamming
Rcvr BW
Power
Spot Jamming
Barrage Jamming
Frequency
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PW
Rcvd Signal Amp.
PRT
Ineffective Jamming
time
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Non-Destructive EA (cont.)

• Deception Create a false image or change the
  image on the enemys radar display.
• Repeaters Create false echo by delaying rcvd
  radar signals retransmitting at later time.
• Transponders Create false signal by playing
  back a stored replica of the radar signal.
• Chaff
• Radar Decoys
• Blip Enhancers
• Radar Cross-Section (RCS) Modification

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EA-6B Prowler
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Destructive EA

• Anti-Radiation Missiles
• SLAM
• HARM
• Sidewinder
• Directed Energy

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Interceptors Interceptors
Kinetic Kill Destroy satellite by direct impact.
Conventional Explosive Destroy satellite by explosion of chemical payload within lethal radius of satellite.
Nuclear Explosive Destroy satellite by nuclear radiation from explosion within lethal radius of satellite.

Directed Energy Weapons Directed Energy Weapons
High Power Microwave Induce permanent damage to electronic circuits by over-stressing components with EM radiation, or thermally inducing structural damage.
High Energy Laser Thermally induce structural, electronic, or sensor damage through irradiation.
Neutral Particle Beam Thermally induce structural, electronic, or sensor damage through irradiation.

Electronic CounterMeasures Electronic CounterMeasures
High Power Microwave Temporarily interfere with normal operation of electronic circuits.
Noise Jamming Intentional transmission of interfering EM noise.
Deception Jamming Intentional transmission of interfering signals to manipulate target systems.

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SLAM ER

• Stand-off Land Attack Missile-Expanded Response

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HARM

• High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile

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HARM Results
Portable Radar Site In Serbia
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AIM-9 Sidewinder
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Electronic Protection (EP)

• The protection of friendly combat capability
  against undesirable effect of friendly or enemy
  employment EW.

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Electronic Protection (EP)

• Three primary ways to defend ourselves from enemy
  EW
• Modify our radar - make it more complex and
  harder to jam
• Modify the Medium - Chaff and Torch
• Modify the platform

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EP Radar Design

• Power
• Frequency
• PRF
• PW
• Pulse Shape
• Antenna Design
• Scan Pattern

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EP Factors

• Burnthrough Increase signal strength to
  overpower jammer noise
• Emission Control (EMCON)
• Alpha
• Bravo
• Charlie
• Delta
• Operator Training

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U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities

• SLQ-32 Sidekick - on all combatants
• Radar warning, detection and jamming
• Uses an internal library to auto detect
  categorize
• Infrared Flares - Torch
• Formally on all combatants
• Chaff - on all combatants

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U.S. Shipboard EW Capabilities

• SSQ-108 Outboard - on some Spruance class,
  DDG, CG, LHA, LHD
• Any ship with SSES
• real-time, over-the-horizon passive detection,
  localization, and targeting
• SLQ-39 Chaff Buoy - on Arleigh Burke class
• Rubber Duck looks like a life boat container

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U.S. Airborne EW Capabilities

• ALQ-142 - ES system on SH-60 Seahawk
• ALQ-99 - EW system on EA-6B Prowler
• Mimics radar signals (Deception)
• ALQ-126 - EA jamming system on F-14 F/A 18
• ALQ-165 - EA jamming system on F/A-18
• ALR-47 - ES detection system on S-3 Viking
• ALR-73 - ES detection system on E-2 Hawkeye
• Chaff - on SH-60 Seahawk

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Questions?
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